36.7. "termios" — POSIX style tty control
*****************************************

This module provides an interface to the POSIX calls for tty I/O
control. For a complete description of these calls, see *termios(2)*
Unix manual page.  It is only available for those Unix versions that
support POSIX *termios* style tty I/O control configured during
installation.

All functions in this module take a file descriptor *fd* as their
first argument.  This can be an integer file descriptor, such as
returned by "sys.stdin.fileno()", or a file object, such as
"sys.stdin" itself.

This module also defines all the constants needed to work with the
functions provided here; these have the same name as their
counterparts in C.  Please refer to your system documentation for more
information on using these terminal control interfaces.

The module defines the following functions:

termios.tcgetattr(fd)

   Return a list containing the tty attributes for file descriptor
   *fd*, as follows: "[iflag, oflag, cflag, lflag, ispeed, ospeed,
   cc]" where *cc* is a list of the tty special characters (each a
   string of length 1, except the items with indices "VMIN" and
   "VTIME", which are integers when these fields are defined).  The
   interpretation of the flags and the speeds as well as the indexing
   in the *cc* array must be done using the symbolic constants defined
   in the "termios" module.

termios.tcsetattr(fd, when, attributes)

   Set the tty attributes for file descriptor *fd* from the
   *attributes*, which is a list like the one returned by
   "tcgetattr()".  The *when* argument determines when the attributes
   are changed: "TCSANOW" to change immediately, "TCSADRAIN" to change
   after transmitting all queued output, or "TCSAFLUSH" to change
   after transmitting all queued output and discarding all queued
   input.

termios.tcsendbreak(fd, duration)

   Send a break on file descriptor *fd*.  A zero *duration* sends a
   break for 0.25 –0.5 seconds; a nonzero *duration* has a system
   dependent meaning.

termios.tcdrain(fd)

   Wait until all output written to file descriptor *fd* has been
   transmitted.

termios.tcflush(fd, queue)

   Discard queued data on file descriptor *fd*.  The *queue* selector
   specifies which queue: "TCIFLUSH" for the input queue, "TCOFLUSH"
   for the output queue, or "TCIOFLUSH" for both queues.

termios.tcflow(fd, action)

   Suspend or resume input or output on file descriptor *fd*.  The
   *action* argument can be "TCOOFF" to suspend output, "TCOON" to
   restart output, "TCIOFF" to suspend input, or "TCION" to restart
   input.

See also:

  Module "tty"
     Convenience functions for common terminal control operations.


36.7.1. Example
===============

Here’s a function that prompts for a password with echoing turned off.
Note the technique using a separate "tcgetattr()" call and a "try" …
"finally" statement to ensure that the old tty attributes are restored
exactly no matter what happens:

   def getpass(prompt="Password: "):
       import termios, sys
       fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
       old = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
       new = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
       new[3] = new[3] & ~termios.ECHO          # lflags
       try:
           termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, new)
           passwd = raw_input(prompt)
       finally:
           termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old)
       return passwd
