Back-up and Restore
===================

Backing up Bazaar branches can be done in two different ways.  If an existing
filesystem-based backup scheme already exists, then it can easily be used
where the Bazaar branches reside.  Alternately, Bazaar itself can be used to
mirror the desired branches to or from another location for backup purposes.

Filesystem Backups
------------------

Bazaar transactions are atomic in the sense that the disk format is such that
it is in a valid state at any instant in time.  However, for a backup process
that takes a finite amount of time to complete, it is possible to have
inconsistencies between different on-disk structures when backing up a live
branch or repository.  (Bazaar itself manages this concurrency issue by only
*reading* those structures in a well-defined order.)  Tools such as LVM that
allow instantaneous snapshots of the contents of a disk can be used to take
filesystem backups of live Bazaar branches and repositories.

For other backup methods, it is necessary to take the branch or repository
offline while the backup is being done in order to guarantee consistency
between the various files that comprise a Bazaar branch's history.  This
requirement can be alleviated by using Bazaar as its own backup client,
since it follows an order for reading that is designed to manage concurrent
access (see the next section for details).  Depending on the different
access methods that are being used for a branch, there are different ways to
take the branch "offline".  For ``bzr+ssh://`` access, it is possible to
temporarily change the filesystem permissions to prevent write access from
any users.  For ``http://`` access, changing permissions, shutting down
the HTTP server or switching the server to a separate configuration that
disallows access are all possible ways to take a branch offline for backup.  
Finally, for direct filesystem access, it is necessary to make the branch
directories un-writable.

Because this sort of downtime can be very disruptive, we strongly encourage
using Bazaar itself as a backup client, where branches are copied and
updated using Bazaar directly.


Bazaar as its own backup
------------------------

The features that make Bazaar a good distributed version control system also
make it a good choice for backing itself up.  In particular, complete and
consistent copies of any branch can easily be obtained with the ``branch`` and
``pull`` commands.  As a result, a backup process can simply run ``bzr pull``
on a copy of the main branch to fully update that copy.  If this backup
process runs periodically, then the backups will be as current as the last
time that ``pull`` was run.  (This is in addition to the fact
that revisions are immutable in Bazaar so that a prior revision of a branch is
always recoverable from that branch when the revision id is known.)

As an example, consider a separate backup server that stores backups in
``/var/backup``.  On that server, we could initially run

::

  $ cd /var/backup
  $ bzr branch bzr+ssh://server.example.com/srv/bzr/trunk
  $ bzr branch bzr+ssh://server.example.com/srv/bzr/feature-gui

to create the branches on the backup server.  Then, we could regularly (for
example from ``cron``) do

::

  $ cd /var/backup/trunk
  $ bzr pull  # the location to pull from is remembered
  $ cd ../var/backup/feature-gui
  $ bzr pull  # again, the parent location is remembered

The action of pulling from the parent for all branches in some directory is
common enough that there is a plugin to do it.  The `bzrtools`_ plugin
contains a ``multi-pull`` command that does a ``pull`` in all branches under a
specified directory.

.. _bzrtools: http://launchpad.net/bzrtools

With this plugin installed, the above periodically run commands would be

::

  $ cd /var/backup
  $ bzr multi-pull

Note that ``multi-pull`` does a pull in *every* branch in the specified
directory (the current directory by default) and care should be taken that
this is the desired effect.  A simple script could also substitute for the
multi-pull command while also offering greater flexibility.

Bound Branch Backups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When ``bzr pull`` is run regularly to keep a backup copy up to date, then it
is possible that there are new revisions in the original branch that have not
yet been pulled into the backup branch.  To alleviate this problem, we can set
the branches up so that new revisions are *pushed* to the backup rather than
periodically pulling.  One way to do this is using Bazaar's concept of bound
branches, where a commit in one branch happens only when the same commit
succeeds in the branch to which it is `bound`.  As a push-type technology, it
is set up on the server itself rather than on the backup machine.  For each
branch that should be backed up, you just need to use the ``bind`` command to
set the URL for the backup branch.  In our example, we first need to create
the branches on the backup server (we'll use ``bzr push``, but we could as
easily have used ``bzr branch`` from the backup server)

::

  $ cd /srv/bzr/projectx/trunk
  $ bzr push bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/trunk
  $ cd ../feature-gui
  $ bzr push bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/feature-gui

and then we need to bind the main branches to their backups

::

  $ cd ../trunk
  $ bzr bind bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/trunk
  $ cd ../feature-gui
  $ bzr bind bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/feature-gui

A branch can only be bound to a single location, so multiple backups cannot
be created using this method.  

Using the `automirror`_ plugin mentioned under `Hooks and Plugins <hooks-plugins.html>`_, one can
also make a push-type backup system that more naturally handles mutliple
backups.  Simply set the ``post_commit_mirror`` option to multiple URLs
separated by commas.  In order to backup to the backup server and a 
remote location, one could do

::

  $ cd /srv/bzr/trunk
  $ echo "post_commit_mirror=bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/trunk,\
  bzr+ssh://offsite.example.org/projectx-corp/backup/trunk" >> .bzr/branch/branch.conf
  $ cd ../feature-gui
  $ echo "post_commit_mirror=bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/feature-gui,\
  bzr+ssh://offsite.example.org/projectx-corp/backup/feature-gui" >> .bzr/branch/branch.conf

.. _automirror: http://launchpad.net/bzr-automirror

As for any push-type backup strategy that maintains consistency, the downside
of this method is that all of the backup commits must succeed before the
initial commit can succeed.  If there is a many mirror branches or if the bound
branch has a slow network connection, then the delay in the original commit may
be unacceptably long.  In this case, pull-type backups, or a mixed system may
be preferable.


Restoring from Backups
----------------------

Checking backup consistency
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Many a system administrator has been bitten by having a backup process,
but when it came time to restore from backups, finding out that the backups
themselves were flawed.  As such, it is important to check the quality of the
backups periodically.  In Bazaar, there are two ways to do this: using the
``bzr check`` command and by simply making a new branch from the backup.  The
``bzr check`` command goes through all of the revisions in a branch and checks
them for validity according to Bazaar's internal invariants.  Since it goes
through every revision, it can be quite slow for large branches.  The other
way to ensure that the backups can be restored from is to perform a test
restoration.  This means performing the restoration process in a temporary
directory.  After the restoration process, ``bzr check`` may again be relevant
for testing the validity of the restored branches.  The following two sections
present two restoration recipes.

Restoring Filesystem Backups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are many different backup tools with different ways of accessing the
backup data, so we can't cover them all here.  What we will say is that
restoring the contents of the ``/srv/bzr`` directory completely will restore
all branches stored there to their state at the time of the backup (see
`Filesystem Backups`_ for concerns on backing up live branches.)  For
example, if the backups were mounted at ``/mnt/backup/bzr`` then we could
restore using simply::
 
  $ cd /srv
  $ mv bzr bzr.old
  $ cp -r /mnt/backup/bzr bzr

Of course, to restore only a single branch from backup, it is sufficient to
copy only that branch.  Until the restored backup has been successfully used
in practice, we recommend keeping the original directory available.

Restoring Bazaar-based Backups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to restore from backup branches, we can simply branch them into the
appropriate location::

  $ cd /srv
  $ mv bzr bzr.old
  $ cd bzr
  $ bzr branch bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/trunk
  $ bzr branch bzr+ssh://backup.example.com/var/backup/feature-gui

If there are multiple backups, then change the URL above to restore from the
other backups.  
