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# Intelligent Arrays

# Purpose

The name ``iarray'' is a contraction of ``Intelligent Array'', which is supposed to describe the power of these arrays. Iarrays are n-dimensional arrays similar to ordinary C arrays, but have the following advantages:

- They are dynamically allocated. This is one of their biggest advantages over ordinary C arrays. Dynamically allocating arrays in C normally requires the user to either be very clever in the method of allocation, or to do a multiplication at every element access (assuming a 2D array). Iarrays use double indirection to allow for an efficient and neat accessing scheme. This method also allows for interesting mappings of the iarray, such as taking real subarrays, or mapping an array onto a torus efficiently.
- They know their own size. This removes the necessity for passing in dimension lengths to functions which take arrays as arguments. iarray_dim_length allows you to query an array for one of it's dimension lengths.
- They can do run time bounds checking. If you compile with ``-DDEBUG'' all element accesses will be bounds and type checked. This is somewhat slower than normal, but the implementation is such that without bounds checking there is no performance penalty over C arrays.
- They can have named attachments. Using iarray_put_float and iarray_get_float, named floating point values can be attached to and retrieved from an iarray. There are corresponding functions for attaching ints and strings, and a pair of generic functions for handling other data types. This is very useful when writing iarrays to disk or to a connection, as attachments are also transferred. Attachments are often thought of as ``keyword-value'' pairs in the ``header of a data file.
- They can be written to a disk or connection very easily, and are written in the Karma data format, which ensures portability across a wide range of platforms, and ease of use with Karma modules.

They have the following disadvantages:

- They use an unusual syntax for accessing elements. This is actually not such a problem, as in my opinion the syntax (once you get used to it) enhances the readability of the code, by always showing the type of the array being accessed. The syntax is described below.
- Currently, simple methods are in place for working with arrays of one two, three or four dimensions, comprised of floats, ints, unsigned ints, bytes (chars) or unsigned bytes. Using other types is a fairly trivial matter, requiring only some new macros in <karma_iarray.h>, but using arrays of more dimensions also requires a generic function to be written for accessing elements of such arrays. This is still not terribly complex, but I hope to remove this requirement at some later stage.

# Syntax

There is only one real oddity about iarrays, and that is the way individual elements of the array are accessed. Element access is done with a function notation, although normally a macro actually does the work for performance reasons. Functions are used when -DDEBUG is used on the command line. The element access function names are based on the type of the elements in the array, and the number of dimensions. Thus, given a two dimensional floating point array called ``a'', to access element [i][j], you use the notation `F2(a,i,j)`. A few of the macros are listed below to give you an idea of the format:

    Access macro            Type                            Number of dimensions
    B1  (a, x)              signed byte                     1
    F1  (a, x)              floating point                  1
    UB2 (a, y, x)           unsigned byte                   2
    US2 (a, y, x)           unsigned short                  2
    D3  (a, z, y, x)        double precision floating point 3
    I4  (a, z, y, x, w)     signed integer                  4
    UI4 (a, z, y, x, w)     unsigned integer                4

where <a> is the Iarray, <z>, <y>, <x> and <w> are indices along each dimension.

As mentioned above, this notation is currently available for arrays of one, two, three or four dimensions, with float, int, byte or unsigned byte elements. If other dimensions or types are required, macros should be written to handle these, and possibly function calls also. See <karma_iarray.h> for macros.

It is important to remember that the type ``iarray'' is a generic type: it has no size, dimensionality or type. However, once you create or get (read) an iarray and assign it to an instance of an ``iarray'' type, that instance is a pointer to an Intelligent Array which has a specific dimensionality, size and type. All the library routines can handle Iarrays of any type and size, and many can handle Iarrays of any dimensionality. However, when it comes to your own code which accesses Iarrays, the access macro you use MUST match the type and dimensionality of the Iarray you read/created.

# Allocating

An iarray must be allocated before it can be used. The simplest method is to use iarray_create_2D (or the corresponding 1D, 3D or 4D versions), which takes the lengths of the dimensions and the type of the elements as parameters, and returns an iarray. So for example, to make ``a'' an m by n floating point array, use:

    iarray a;
    a = iarray_create_2D (m, n, K_FLOAT);

The space allocated for an iarray remains allocated until specifically deallocated using iarray_dealloc. Think of an array as a pointer, just as you would an ordinary dynamically allocated array.

# Disks and Connections

One of the main benefits of iarrays and the karma library is the simplicity with which they can be written to disk or connections. The karma data format is portable across platforms, so the problems of endianness and size of types is removed from the application programmer.

An iarray can be written to disk with the function iarray_write which requires only the iarray to write, and the name of the disk file. If the name given for the file is ``connections'', then the iarray is written over any open connections (see the documentation for Karma communications to find out how to make iarray connections).

Iarrays are read using the iarray_read_nD function, which takes a number of parameters, most of which can (fortunately) be ignored in most cases. I normally use the following:

`a = iarray_read_nD (fname, FALSE, NULL, n, NULL, NULL, K_CH_MAP_NEVER);`

Using this as a model, you merely need to provide the filename (a string), and the expected number of dimensions (e.g. 2 for an image).

# Functions on iarrays

An assortment of functions are provided by the Karma library for doing various work on iarrays. For example, there are functions to find the minimum and maximum values, to fill the array with some value, and to perform element-wise arithmetic on arrays. These functions should be used whenever possible, as they are generally tested to be correct (let us know if they aren't), perform error checking, and are highly optimised on some platforms.

If you create any functions that you feel are of great general interest, please mail them to ``karma-suggestions@atnf.csiro.au''.

# Example

The following is a simple example program showing how iarrays are used in practice. It creates an iarray with the multiplication table in it, reads another iarray from disk, and adds one to the other element wise. It then writes the resulting array to disk.

    /*------------------------------------------------------*/
    /* Iarray sample program                                */
    /*------------------------------------------------------*/

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <karma.h>
    #include <karma_iarray.h>

    main()
    {
        /* Declare variables */
        int i, j;
        iarray a, b;
        static double one[2] = {1.0, 0.0};

        /*  Create a 10x10 integer 2D iarray  */
        a = iarray_create_2D (10, 10, K_INT);

        /*  Read in from disk a file called "input" which contains an iarray  */
        b = iarray_read_nD ("input", FALSE, NULL, 2, NULL, NULL, K_CH_MAP_NEVER);

        /*  Check that this is also a 10x10 array  */
        if ( (iarray_dim_length (b, 0) != 10) ||
             (iarray_dim_length (b, 1) != 10) )
        {
            fprintf (stderr, "Input array is not 10x10\n");
            exit (1);
        }

        /*  Fill a with the multiplication table  */
        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
                I2 (a, i, j) = i * j;

        /*  Add a to b elementwise  */
        iarray_add_and_scale (b, a, b, one, FALSE);

        /*  Write b to disk  */
        iarray_write (b, "output");

        /*  Deallocate both arrays  */
        iarray_dealloc (a);
        iarray_dealloc (b);
    }

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