## YAPET - Yet Another Password Encryption Tool 1.0

### YAPET - Design

### Rafael Ostertag

$Id: DESIGN.sgml.in 5909 2014-01-26 12:51:27Z rafisol $

Copyright © 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 Rafael Ostertag <rafi@guengel.ch>

## General

YAPET stores passwords encrypted on disk. Passwords are kept in records with additional information. A record is comprised by the following components:

Name
  The name displayed in the Main Screen.
Host
  The host on which the password is used.
Username
  The user name the password is associated with.
Password
  The password to protect.
Comment
  A comment.

The encryption and hash functions used by YAPET are provided by the crypto(3) library of ssl(3). YAPET does not provide them itself.

## Master Password

YAPET uses a master password provided by the user to generate a key in order to encrypt and decrypt the password records. The master password is not stored permanently. It has to be entered when a file is opened or the screen is locked in order to unlock it.

## Encryption Key

The encryption key is generated by calculating a SHA1 hash of the master password. MD5 is used to hash the SHA1 hash. Both hashes are concatenated. Finally, RIPEMD-160 is used to generate a hash of the SHA1 and MD5 hashes. The RIPEMD-160 hash is then appended to the SHA1 and MD5 hash, yielding a key of 448 bits. This key will be used for the Blowfish encryption algorithm in order to encrypt and decrypt password records.

## File Structure

A file created by YAPET has the following basic structure

1. Clear text recognition string
2. Clear text header length indicator (prefix)
3. Encrypted header
4. Clear text password record length indicator (prefix)
5. Encrypted password record
6. Clear text password record length indicator (prefix)
7. Encrypted password record
8. …

The prefixes are stored in big endian order, regardless of the endianess of the platform YAPET is running.

### Recognition String

Each file created by YAPET starts with a unencrypted recognition string which currently consists of the 8 bytes `YAPET1.0` as depicted in Figure 1, “Recognition String”.

Figure 1. Recognition String

    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
    |   Y    |   A    |   P    |   E    |   T    |   1    |   .    |   0    |
    | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

### Header

After the recognition string a 4 byte unsigned integer which is stored in big-endian order follows. This indicator is read to determine how many bytes to read in order to get the encrypted header (Figure 2, “Encrypted Header”).

Figure 2. Encrypted Header

    +--------+--------+--------+--------+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted header exactly as many bytes    |
    |        indicated by the prefix             |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+

#### Pre Version 0.6 Header

The decrypted header (Figure 3, “Pre Version 0.6 Decrypted Header”) is 25 bytes in size. The first byte indicates the version of the file. The next 20 bytes are used as control string. After decryption, the control string is compared to the predefined clear text control string, in order to find out whether or not the key used to decrypt was the same used to encrypt. The control string holds all characters from A to Z.

Figure 3. Pre Version 0.6 Decrypted Header

    +--------+
    |Version |
    | 1 byte |
    +--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |          Control String           |
    |             20 bytes              |
    +--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Time when the Password  |
    |    was set (4 bytes)     |
    +--------+--------+--------+

The Version field holds the value 1 (`YAPET::VERSION_1`).

The length of the header is either 25 bytes on 32bit architectures, or 29 bytes on 64bit architectures.

This is considered as design flaw, thus starting from YAPET 0.6, the version 0.6 header was introduced, providing a stable size across platforms (see the section called “Version 0.6 Header”).

#### Version 0.6 Header

The pre version 0.6 header was designed with the uneducated assumption that `time_t` is always 4 bytes in size. This is not the case. Therefore, the version 0.6 header uses 64 bits for the password set field, regardless of the architecture, as shown in Figure 4, “Version 0.6 Decrypted Header”. The Version field will hold the value 2 (`YAPET::VERSION_2`).

Thus, the new header has always a size of 29 bytes, hence being stable across platforms.

Figure 4. Version 0.6 Decrypted Header

    +--------+
    |Version |
    | 1 byte |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |                     Control String                           |
    |                        20 bytes                              |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+--------+
    |            Time when the Password was set (8 bytes)                   |
    |                                                                       |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

YAPET 0.6 or later is still able to read pre version 0.6 headers in order to maintain backwards compatibility with earlier releases. It will however write a version 0.6 header upon password change.

YAPET 0.5 or earlier is able to read version 0.6 headers. If the master password on a version 0.6 file is changed using YAPET 0.5 or earlier, it will automatically become a pre version 0.6 file, and the restrictions for version 0.5 applies.

Table 1, “File Compatibility Matrix of YAPET 0.5 or earlier” lists the compatibility between different processor architectures and YAPET 0.5.

The tests were conducted mainly on Linux boxes.

Table 1. File Compatibility Matrix of YAPET 0.5 or earlier

YAPET running on | File created
--- | ---
Version 0.5 or earlier | Version 0.6
Little Endian | Big Endian | Little Endian | Big Endian
32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit
Little Endian | 32bit | ARM XScale | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
i386 | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
MIPS Loongson | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
64bit | AMD Opteron | no | yes | no | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
IA64 | no | yes | no | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
Xeon | no | yes | no | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
Big Endian | 32bit | PA-RISC | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
PowerPC G4 | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
PowerPC G5 | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
SPARC | yes | yes | yes | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a] | yes[a]
64bit | PowerPC G5 | no | yes[a] | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes
SPARC | no | yes[a] | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes
[a] The password set field will be incorrectly read and displayed as `Thu Jan 1 01:00:00 1970` in YAPET.

Table 1, “File Compatibility Matrix of YAPET 0.5 or earlier” boils down to Table 2, “Summary of File Compatibility Matrix of YAPET 0.5 or earlier”

Table 2. Summary of File Compatibility Matrix of YAPET 0.5 or earlier

YAPET running on | File created
--- | ---
Version 0.5 or earlier | Version 0.6
Little Endian | Big Endian | Little Endian | Big Endian
32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit | 32bit | 64bit
Little Endian 32bit | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes
Little Endian 64bit | no | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes
Big Endian 32bit | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes
Big Endian 64bit | no | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes

### Password Records

Each encrypted password record is prefixed by a 4 byte unsigned integer which is stored in big-endian order. That integer is used to indicate the length of the following encrypted data chunk.

Figure 5. Encrypted Password Record

    +--------+--------+--------+--------+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted password record of exactly as   |
    |   many bytes as indicated by the prefix    |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted password record of exactly as   |
    |   many bytes as indicated by the prefix    |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    	      [ . . . ]

### Example

Putting this together, an encrypted file created by YAPET may look like this

Figure 6. Encrypted File Example

    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
    |   Y    |   A    |   P    |   E    |   T    |   1    |   .    |   0    |
    | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte | 1 byte |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted header exactly as many bytes    |
    |        indicated by the prefix             |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted password record of exactly as   |
    |   many bytes as indicated by the prefix    |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |   Length indicator in big-endian  |
    |         order (4 bytes)           |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    |  Encrypted password record of exactly as   |
    |   many bytes as indicated by the prefix    |
    +--------+--------+--------+--------+--...---+
    	      [ . . . ]

## Security

Memory used for storing sensitive information is cleared by setting it to zero upon de-allocation. This is default behavior of YAPET functions. However, YAPET cannot alter the way functions provided by crypto(3) and curses(3X) de-allocates memory. An attempt to make curses(3X) more secure is taken by calling `wclear`(3X) before calling `delwin`(3X), in the hope that it clears the memory associated with the curses window.

YAPET uses `setrlimit`(2) to suppress the creation of core dumps. It also sets up signal handlers for `SIGHUP`, `SIGINT`, `SIGQUIT`, `SIGTERM`, and `SIGKILL` for doing a proper cleanup and clearing of allocated memory.

Apart from memory clearing, YAPET locks the screen after ten minutes of inactivity.

YAPET does not keep the password records decrypted in memory. It decrypts only the name of the password record in order to show it to the user. Password records are only decrypted for displaying and editing, when the user chooses to open a record.

## References

See also the code documentation that comes along with the source tarball of YAPET.