# Mako 1.1.0 Documentation

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Release: 1.1.0

# Changelog

## 1.1

### 1.1.0

Released: Thu Aug 1 2019

#### changed

- [changed] [setup]

  Removed the “python setup.py test” feature in favor of a straight run of “tox”. Per Pypa / pytest developers, “setup.py” commands are in general headed towards deprecation in favor of tox. The tox.ini script has been updated such that running “tox” with no arguments will perform a single run of the test suite against the default installed Python interpreter.

  See also

  https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/1684

  https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/5534

  References: #303

- [changed] [installer] [py3k]

  Mako 1.1 now supports Python versions:

  - 2.7

  - 3.4 and higher

  This includes that setup.py no longer includes any conditionals, allowing for a pure Python wheel build, however this is not necessarily part of the Pypi release process as of yet. The test suite also raises for Python deprecation warnings.

  References: #249

#### bug

- [bug] [py3k] [windows]

  Replaced usage of time.clock() on windows as well as time.time() elsewhere for microsecond timestamps with timeit.default_timer(), as time.clock() is being removed in Python 3.8. Pull request courtesy Christoph Reiter.

  References: #301

- [bug] [py3k]

  Replaced usage of `inspect.getfullargspec()` with the vendored version used by SQLAlchemy, Alembic to avoid future deprecation warnings. Also cleans up an additional version of the same function that’s apparently been floating around for some time.

  References: #295

## 1.0

### 1.0.14

Released: Sat Jul 20 2019

#### feature

- [feature] [template]

  The `n` filter is now supported in the `<%page>` tag. This allows a template to omit the default expression filters throughout a whole template, for those cases where a template-wide filter needs to have default filtering disabled. Pull request courtesy Martin von Gagern.

  See also

  Turning off Filtering with the n Filter

#### bug

- [bug] [exceptions]

  Fixed issue where the correct file URI would not be shown in the template-formatted exception traceback if the template filename were not known. Additionally fixes an issue where stale filenames would be displayed if a stack trace alternated between different templates. Pull request courtesy Martin von Gagern.

### 1.0.13

Released: Mon Jul 1 2019

#### bug

- [bug] [exceptions]

  Improved the line-number tracking for source lines inside of Python `<% ... %>` blocks, such that text- and HTML-formatted exception traces such as that of `html_error_template()` now report the correct source line inside the block, rather than the first line of the block itself. Exceptions in `<%! ... %>` blocks which get raised while loading the module are still not reported correctly, as these are handled before the Mako code is generated. Pull request courtesy Martin von Gagern.

### 1.0.12

Released: Wed Jun 5 2019

#### bug

- [bug] [py3k]

  Fixed regression where import refactors in Mako 1.0.11 caused broken imports on Python 3.8.

  References: #296

### 1.0.11

Released: Fri May 31 2019

#### changed

- [changed]

  Updated for additional project metadata in setup.py. Additionally, the code has been reformatted using Black and zimports.

### 1.0.10

Released: Fri May 10 2019

#### bug

- [bug] [py3k]

  Added a default encoding of “utf-8” when the `RichTraceback` object retrieves Python source lines from a Python traceback; as these are bytes in Python 3 they need to be decoded so that they can be formatted in the template.

  References: #293

### 1.0.9

Released: Mon Apr 15 2019

#### bug

- [bug]

  Further corrected the previous fix for #287 as it relied upon an attribute that is monkeypatched by Python’s `ast` module for some reason, which fails if `ast` hasn’t been imported; the correct attribute `Constant.value` is now used. Also note the issue was mis-numbered in the previous changelog note.

  References: #287

### 1.0.8

Released: Wed Mar 20 2019

#### feature

- [feature]

  Added `--output-encoding` flag to the mako-render script. Pull request courtesy lacsaP.

  References: #271

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed an element in the AST Python generator which changed for Python 3.8, causing expression generation to fail.

  References: #287

- [bug]

  Removed unnecessary “usage” prefix from mako-render script. Pull request courtesy Hugo.

### 1.0.7

Released: Thu Jul 13 2017

#### bug

- [bug]

  Changed the “print” in the mako-render command to sys.stdout.write(), avoiding the extra newline at the end of the template output. Pull request courtesy Yves Chevallier.

### 1.0.6

Released: Wed Nov 9 2016

#### feature

- [feature]

  Added new parameter `Template.include_error_handler` . This works like `Template.error_handler` but indicates the handler should take place when this template is included within another template via the `<%include>` tag. Pull request courtesy Huayi Zhang.

### 1.0.5

Released: Wed Nov 2 2016

#### bug

- [bug]

  Updated the Sphinx documentation builder to work with recent versions of Sphinx.

### 1.0.4

Released: Thu Mar 10 2016

#### feature

- [feature] [test]

  The default test runner is now py.test. Running “python setup.py test” will make use of py.test instead of nose. nose still works as a test runner as well, however.

- [feature]

  Added new method `Template.list_defs()`. Pull request courtesy Jonathan Vanasco.

#### bug

- [bug] [lexer]

  Major improvements to lexing of intricate Python sections which may contain complex backslash sequences, as well as support for the bitwise operator (e.g. pipe symbol) inside of expression sections distinct from the Mako “filter” operator, provided the operator is enclosed within parentheses or brackets. Pull request courtesy Daniel Martin.

  References: pull request github:19

### 1.0.3

Released: Tue Oct 27 2015

#### bug

- [bug] [babel]

  Fixed an issue where the Babel plugin would not handle a translation symbol that contained non-ascii characters. Pull request courtesy Roman Imankulov.

### 1.0.2

Released: Wed Aug 26 2015

#### feature

- [feature]

  Added `STOP_RENDERING` keyword for returning/exiting from a template early, which is a synonym for an empty string `""`. Previously, the docs suggested a bare `return`, but this could cause `None` to appear in the rendered template result.

  See also

  Exiting Early from a Template

  References: #236

#### bug

- [bug] [installation]

  The “universal wheel” marker is removed from setup.cfg, because our setup.py currently makes use of conditional dependencies. In #249, the discussion is ongoing on how to correct our setup.cfg / setup.py fully so that we can handle the per-version dependency changes while still maintaining optimal wheel settings, so this issue is not yet fully resolved.

  References: #249

- [bug] [py3k]

  Repair some calls within the ast module that no longer work on Python3.5; additionally replace the use of `inspect.getargspec()` under Python 3 (seems to be called from the TG plugin) to avoid deprecation warnings.

  References: #250

- [bug]

  Update the Lingua translation extraction plugin to correctly handle templates mixing Python control statements (such as if, for and while) with template fragments. Pull request courtesy Laurent Daverio.

### 1.0.1

Released: Thu Jan 22 2015

#### feature

- [feature]

  Added support for Lingua, a translation extraction system as an alternative to Babel. Pull request courtesy Wichert Akkerman.

#### bug

- [bug] [py3k]

  Modernized the examples/wsgi/run_wsgi.py file for Py3k. Pull requset courtesy Cody Taylor.

### 1.0.0

Released: Sun Jun 8 2014

#### feature

- [feature]

  Template modules now generate a JSON “metadata” structure at the bottom of the source file which includes parseable information about the templates’ source file, encoding etc. as well as a mapping of module source lines to template lines, thus replacing the “# SOURCE LINE” markers throughout the source code. The structure also indicates those lines that are explicitly not part of the template’s source; the goal here is to allow better integration with coverage and other tools.

- [feature]

  mako-render is now implemented as a setuptools entrypoint script; a standalone mako.cmd.cmdline() callable is now available, and the system also uses argparse now instead of optparse. Pull request courtesy Derek Harland.

- [feature]

  The mako-render script will now catch exceptions and run them into the text error handler, and exit with a non-zero exit code. Pull request courtesy Derek Harland.

- [feature] [py3k]

  Support is added for Python 3 “keyword only” arguments, as used in defs. Pull request courtesy Eevee.

  References: pull request github:7

#### bug

- [bug] [py2k]

  Improved the error re-raise operation when a custom `Template.error_handler` is used that does not handle the exception; the original stack trace etc. is now preserved. Pull request courtesy Manfred Haltner.

- [bug] [filters] [py2k]

  Added an html_escape filter that works in “non unicode” mode. Previously, when using `disable_unicode=True`, the `u` filter would fail to handle non-ASCII bytes properly. Pull request courtesy George Xie.

- [bug] [py3k]

  Fixed bug in `decode.<encoding>` filter where a non-string object would not be correctly interpreted in Python 3.

- [bug] [py3k]

  Fixed bug in Python parsing logic which would fail on Python 3 when a “try/except” targeted a tuple of exception types, rather than a single exception.

  References: #227

- [bug]

  A rework of the mako-render script allows the script to run correctly when given a file pathname that is outside of the current directory, e.g. `mako-render ../some_template.mako`. In this case, the “template root” defaults to the directory in which the template is located, instead of “.”. The script also accepts a new argument `--template-dir` which can be specified multiple times to establish template lookup directories. Standard input for templates also works now too. Pull request courtesy Derek Harland.

#### misc

- [general]

  Compatibility changes; in order to modernize the codebase, Mako is now dropping support for Python 2.4 and Python 2.5 altogether. The source base is now targeted at Python 2.6 and forwards.

## 0.9

### 0.9.1

Released: Thu Dec 26 2013

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed bug in Babel plugin where translator comments would be lost if intervening text nodes were encountered. Fix courtesy Ned Batchelder.

  References: #225

- [bug]

  Fixed TGPlugin.render method to support unicode template names in Py2K - courtesy Vladimir Magamedov.

- [bug]

  Fixed an AST issue that was preventing correct operation under alpha versions of Python 3.4. Pullreq courtesy Zer0-.

- [bug]

  Changed the format of the “source encoding” header output by the code generator to use the format `# -*- coding:%s -*-` instead of `# -*- encoding:%s -*-`; the former is more common and compatible with emacs. Courtesy Martin Geisler.

- [bug]

  Fixed issue where an old lexer rule prevented a template line which looked like “#*” from being correctly parsed.

  References: #224

### 0.9.0

Released: Tue Aug 27 2013

#### bug

- [bug]

  The Context.locals_() method becomes a private underscored method, as this method has a specific internal use. The purpose of Context.kwargs has been clarified, in that it only delivers top level keyword arguments originally passed to template.render().

  References: #219

- [bug]

  Fixed the babel plugin to properly interpret ${} sections inside of a “call” tag, i.e. <%self:some_tag attr=”${_(‘foo’)}”/>. Code that’s subject to babel escapes in here needs to be specified as a Python expression, not a literal. This change is backwards incompatible vs. code that is relying upon a _(‘’) translation to be working within a call tag.

- [bug]

  The Babel plugin has been repaired to work on Python 3.

  References: #187

- [bug]

  Using <%namespace import=”*” module=”somemodule”/> now skips over module elements that are not explcitly callable, avoiding TypeError when trying to produce partials.

  References: #207

- [bug]

  Fixed Py3K bug where a “lambda” expression was not interpreted correctly within a template tag; also fixed in Py2.4.

  References: #190

## 0.8

### 0.8.1

Released: Fri May 24 2013

#### bug

- [bug]

  Changed setup.py to skip installing markupsafe if Python version is < 2.6 or is between 3.0 and less than 3.3, as Markupsafe now only supports 2.6->2.X, 3.3->3.X.

  References: #216

- [bug]

  Fixed regression where “entity” filter wasn’t converted for py3k properly (added tests.)

  References: #214

- [bug]

  Fixed bug where mako-render script wasn’t compatible with Py3k.

  References: #212

- [bug]

  Cleaned up all the various deprecation/ file warnings when running the tests under various Pythons with warnings turned on.

  References: #213

### 0.8.0

Released: Wed Apr 10 2013

#### feature

- [feature]

  Performance improvement to the “legacy” HTML escape feature, used for XML escaping and when markupsafe isn’t present, courtesy George Xie.

- [feature]

  Code has been reworked to support Python 2.4-> Python 3.xx in place. 2to3 no longer needed.

- [feature]

  Added lexer_cls argument to Template, TemplateLookup, allows alternate Lexer classes to be used.

- [feature]

  Added future_imports parameter to Template and TemplateLookup, renders the __future__ header with desired capabilities at the top of the generated template module. Courtesy Ben Trofatter.

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed bug whereby an exception in Python 3 against a module compiled to the filesystem would fail trying to produce a RichTraceback due to the content being in bytes.

  References: #209

- [bug]

  Change default for compile()->reserved_names from tuple to frozenset, as this is expected to be a set by default.

  References: #208

## 0.7

### 0.7.3

Released: Wed Nov 7 2012

#### bug

- [bug]

  legacy_html_escape function, used when Markupsafe isn’t installed, was using an inline-compiled regexp which causes major slowdowns on Python 3.3; is now precompiled.

- [bug]

  AST supporting now supports tuple-packed function arguments inside pure-python def or lambda expressions.

  References: #201

- [bug]

  Fixed Py3K bug in the Babel extension.

- [bug]

  Fixed the “filter” attribute of the <%text> tag so that it pulls locally specified identifiers from the context the same way as that of <%block> and <%filter>.

- [bug]

  Fixed bug in plugin loader to correctly raise exception when non-existent plugin is specified.

### 0.7.2

Released: Fri Jul 20 2012

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed regression in 0.7.1 where AST parsing for Py2.4 was broken.

  References: #193

### 0.7.1

Released: Sun Jul 8 2012

#### feature

- [feature]

  Control lines with no bodies will now succeed, as “pass” is added for these when no statements are otherwise present. Courtesy Ben Trofatter

  References: #146

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed some long-broken scoping behavior involving variables declared in defs and such, which only became apparent when the strict_undefined flag was turned on.

  References: #192

- [bug]

  Can now use strict_undefined at the same time args passed to def() are used by other elements of the <%def> tag.

  References: #191

### 0.7.0

Released: Fri Mar 30 2012

#### feature

- [feature]

  Added new “loop” variable to templates, is provided within a % for block to provide info about the loop such as index, first/last, odd/even, etc. A migration path is also provided for legacy templates via the “enable_loop” argument available on Template, TemplateLookup, and <%page>. Thanks to Ben Trofatter for all the work on this

  References: #125

- [feature]

  Added a real check for “reserved” names, that is names which are never pulled from the context and cannot be passed to the template.render() method. Current names are “context”, “loop”, “UNDEFINED”.

- [feature]

  The html_error_template() will now apply Pygments highlighting to the source code displayed in the traceback, if Pygments if available. Courtesy Ben Trofatter

  References: #95

- [feature]

  Added support for context managers, i.e. “% with x as e:/ % endwith” support. Courtesy Ben Trofatter

  References: #147

- [feature]

  Added class-level flag to CacheImpl “pass_context”; when True, the keyword argument ‘context’ will be passed to get_or_create() containing the Mako Context object.

  References: #185

- [feature]

  Added Jinja2 to the example benchmark suite, courtesy Vincent Férotin

#### bug

- [bug]

  Fixed some Py3K resource warnings due to filehandles being implicitly closed.

  References: #182

- [bug]

  Fixed endless recursion bug when nesting multiple def-calls with content. Thanks to Jeff Dairiki.

  References: #186

## Older Versions

### 0.6.2

Released: Thu Feb 2 2012

#### bug

- [bug]

  The ${{“foo”:”bar”}} parsing issue is fixed!! The legendary Eevee has slain the dragon!. Also fixes quoting issue at.

  References: #20, #86

### 0.6.1

Released: Sat Jan 28 2012

#### bug

- [bug]

  Added special compatibility for the 0.5.0 Cache() constructor, which was preventing file version checks and not allowing Mako 0.6 to recompile the module files.

### 0.6.0

Released: Sat Jan 21 2012

#### feature

- [feature]

  Template caching has been converted into a plugin system, whereby the usage of Beaker is just the default plugin. Template and TemplateLookup now accept a string “cache_impl” parameter which refers to the name of a cache plugin, defaulting to the name ‘beaker’. New plugins can be registered as pkg_resources entrypoints under the group “mako.cache”, or registered directly using mako.cache.register_plugin(). The core plugin is the mako.cache.CacheImpl class.

- [feature]

  Added support for Beaker cache regions in templates. Usage of regions should be considered as superseding the very obsolete idea of passing in backend options, timeouts, etc. within templates.

- [feature]

  The ‘put’ method on Cache is now ‘set’. ‘put’ is there for backwards compatibility.

- [feature]

  The <%def>, <%block> and <%page> tags now accept any argument named “cache_*”, and the key minus the “cache_” prefix will be passed as keyword arguments to the CacheImpl methods.

- [feature]

  Template and TemplateLookup now accept an argument cache_args, which refers to a dictionary containing cache parameters. The cache_dir, cache_url, cache_type, cache_timeout arguments are deprecated (will probably never be removed, however) and can be passed now as cache_args={‘url’:<some url>, ‘type’:’memcached’, ‘timeout’:50, ‘dir’:’/path/to/some/directory’}

- [feature]

  Added “–var name=value” option to the mako-render script, allows passing of kw to the template from the command line.

  References: #178

- [feature]

  Added module_writer argument to Template, TemplateLookup, allows a callable to be passed which takes over the writing of the template’s module source file, so that special environment-specific steps can be taken.

  References: #181

#### bug

- [bug]

  The exception message in the html_error_template is now escaped with the HTML filter.

  References: #142

- [bug]

  Added “white-space:pre” style to html_error_template() for code blocks so that indentation is preserved

  References: #173

- [bug]

  The “benchmark” example is now Python 3 compatible (even though several of those old template libs aren’t available on Py3K, so YMMV)

  References: #175

#### misc

- [feature/bug]

  Can now refer to context variables within extra arguments to <%block>, <%def>, i.e. <%block name=”foo” cache_key=”${somekey}”>. Filters can also be used in this way, i.e. <%def name=”foo()” filter=”myfilter”> then template.render(myfilter=some_callable)

  References: #180

### 0.5.0

Released: Wed Sep 28 2011

- A Template is explicitly disallowed from having a url that normalizes to relative outside of the root. That is, if the Lookup is based at /home/mytemplates, an include that would place the ultimate template at /home/mytemplates/../some_other_directory, i.e. outside of /home/mytemplates, is disallowed. This usage was never intended despite the lack of an explicit check. The main issue this causes is that module files can be written outside of the module root (or raise an error, if file perms aren’t set up), and can also lead to the same template being cached in the lookup under multiple, relative roots. TemplateLookup instead has always supported multiple file roots for this purpose.

  References: #174

### 0.4.2

Released: Fri Aug 5 2011

- Fixed bug regarding <%call>/def calls w/ content whereby the identity of the “caller” callable inside the <%def> would be corrupted by the presence of another <%call> in the same block.

  References: #170

- Fixed the babel plugin to accommodate <%block>

  References: #169

### 0.4.1

Released: Wed Apr 6 2011

- New tag: <%block>. A variant on <%def> that evaluates its contents in-place. Can be named or anonymous, the named version is intended for inheritance layouts where any given section can be surrounded by the <%block> tag in order for it to become overrideable by inheriting templates, without the need to specify a top-level <%def> plus explicit call. Modified scoping and argument rules as well as a more strictly enforced usage scheme make it ideal for this purpose without at all replacing most other things that defs are still good for. Lots of new docs.

  References: #164

- a slight adjustment to the “highlight” logic for generating template bound stacktraces. Will stick to known template source lines without any extra guessing.

  References: #165

### 0.4.0

Released: Sun Mar 6 2011

- A 20% speedup for a basic two-page inheritance setup rendering a table of escaped data (see http://techspot.zzzeek.org/2010/11/19/quick-mako-vs.-jinja-speed-test/). A few configurational changes which affect those in the I-don’t-do-unicode camp should be noted below.

- The FastEncodingBuffer is now used by default instead of cStringIO or StringIO, regardless of whether output_encoding is set to None or not. FEB is faster than both. Only StringIO allows bytestrings of unknown encoding to pass right through, however - while it is of course not recommended to send bytestrings of unknown encoding to the output stream, this mode of usage can be re-enabled by setting the flag bytestring_passthrough to True.

- disable_unicode mode requires that output_encoding be set to None - it also forces the bytestring_passthrough flag to True.

- the <%namespace> tag raises an error if the ‘template’ and ‘module’ attributes are specified at the same time in one tag. A different class is used for each case which allows a reduction in runtime conditional logic and function call overhead.

  References: #156

- the keys() in the Context, as well as it’s internal _data dictionary, now include just what was specified to render() as well as Mako builtins ‘caller’, ‘capture’. The contents of __builtin__ are no longer copied. Thanks to Daniel Lopez for pointing this out.

  References: #159

### 0.3.6

Released: Sat Nov 13 2010

- Documentation is on Sphinx.

  References: #126

- Beaker is now part of “extras” in setup.py instead of “install_requires”. This to produce a lighter weight install for those who don’t use the caching as well as to conform to Pyramid deployment practices.

  References: #154

- The Beaker import (or attempt thereof) is delayed until actually needed; this to remove the performance penalty from startup, particularly for “single execution” environments such as shell scripts.

  References: #153

- Patch to lexer to not generate an empty ‘’ write in the case of backslash-ended lines.

  References: #155

- Fixed missing **extra collection in setup.py which prevented setup.py from running 2to3 on install.

  References: #148

- New flag on Template, TemplateLookup - strict_undefined=True, will cause variables not found in the context to raise a NameError immediately, instead of defaulting to the UNDEFINED value.

- The range of Python identifiers that are considered “undefined”, meaning they are pulled from the context, has been trimmed back to not include variables declared inside of expressions (i.e. from list comprehensions), as well as in the argument list of lambdas. This to better support the strict_undefined feature. The change should be fully backwards-compatible but involved a little bit of tinkering in the AST code, which hadn’t really been touched for a couple of years, just FYI.

### 0.3.5

Released: Sun Oct 24 2010

- The <%namespace> tag allows expressions for the file argument, i.e. with ${}. The context variable, if needed, must be referenced explicitly.

  References: #141

- ${} expressions embedded in tags, such as <%foo:bar x=”${…}”>, now allow multiline Python expressions.

- Fixed previously non-covered regular expression, such that using a ${} expression inside of a tag element that doesn’t allow them raises a CompileException instead of silently failing.

- Added a try/except around “import markupsafe”. This to support GAE which can’t run markupsafe. No idea whatsoever if the install_requires in setup.py also breaks GAE, couldn’t get an answer on this.

  References: #151

### 0.3.4

Released: Tue Jun 22 2010

- Now using MarkupSafe for HTML escaping, i.e. in place of cgi.escape(). Faster C-based implementation and also escapes single quotes for additional security. Supports the __html__ attribute for the given expression as well.

  When using “disable_unicode” mode, a pure Python HTML escaper function is used which also quotes single quotes.

  Note that Pylons by default doesn’t use Mako’s filter - check your environment.py file.

- Fixed call to “unicode.strip” in exceptions.text_error_template which is not Py3k compatible.

  References: #137

### 0.3.3

Released: Mon May 31 2010

- Added conditional to RichTraceback such that if no traceback is passed and sys.exc_info() has been reset, the formatter just returns blank for the “traceback” portion.

  References: #135

- Fixed sometimes incorrect usage of exc.__class__.__name__ in html/text error templates when using Python 2.4

  References: #131

- Fixed broken @property decorator on template.last_modified

- Fixed error formatting when a stacktrace line contains no line number, as in when inside an eval/exec-generated function.

  References: #132

- When a .py is being created, the tempfile where the source is stored temporarily is now made in the same directory as that of the .py file. This ensures that the two files share the same filesystem, thus avoiding cross-filesystem synchronization issues. Thanks to Charles Cazabon.

### 0.3.2

Released: Thu Mar 11 2010

- Calling a def from the top, via template.get_def(…).render() now checks the argument signature the same way as it did in 0.2.5, so that TypeError is not raised. reopen of

  References: #116

### 0.3.1

Released: Sun Mar 7 2010

- Fixed incorrect dir name in setup.py

  References: #129

### 0.3.0

Released: Fri Mar 5 2010

- Python 2.3 support is dropped.

  References: #123

- Python 3 support is added ! See README.py3k for installation and testing notes.

  References: #119

- Unit tests now run with nose.

  References: #127

- Source code escaping has been simplified. In particular, module source files are now generated with the Python “magic encoding comment”, and source code is passed through mostly unescaped, except for that code which is regenerated from parsed Python source. This fixes usage of unicode in <%namespace:defname> tags.

  References: #99

- RichTraceback(), html_error_template().render(), text_error_template().render() now accept “error” and “traceback” as optional arguments, and these are now actually used.

  References: #122

- The exception output generated when format_exceptions=True will now be as a Python unicode if it occurred during render_unicode(), or an encoded string if during render().

- A percent sign can be emitted as the first non-whitespace character on a line by escaping it as in “%%”.

  References: #112

- Template accepts empty control structure, i.e. % if: %endif, etc.

  References: #94

- The <%page args> tag can now be used in a base inheriting template - the full set of render() arguments are passed down through the inherits chain. Undeclared arguments go into **pageargs as usual.

  References: #116

- defs declared within a <%namespace> section, an uncommon feature, have been improved. The defs no longer get doubly-rendered in the body() scope, and now allow local variable assignment without breakage.

  References: #109

- Windows paths are handled correctly if a Template is passed only an absolute filename (i.e. with c: drive etc.) and no URI - the URI is converted to a forward-slash path and module_directory is treated as a windows path.

  References: #128

- TemplateLookup raises TopLevelLookupException for a given path that is a directory, not a filename, instead of passing through to the template to generate IOError.

  References: #73

### 0.2.6

no release date

- Fix mako function decorators to preserve the original function’s name in all cases. Patch from Scott Torborg.

- Support the <%namespacename:defname> syntax in the babel extractor.

  References: #118

- Further fixes to unicode handling of .py files with the html_error_template.

  References: #88

### 0.2.5

Released: Mon Sep 7 2009

- Added a “decorator” kw argument to <%def>, allows custom decoration functions to wrap rendering callables. Mainly intended for custom caching algorithms, not sure what other uses there may be (but there may be). Examples are in the “filtering” docs.

- When Mako creates subdirectories in which to store templates, it uses the more permissive mode of 0775 instead of 0750, helping out with certain multi-process scenarios. Note that the mode is always subject to the restrictions of the existing umask.

  References: #101

- Fixed namespace.__getattr__() to raise AttributeError on attribute not found instead of RuntimeError.

  References: #104

- Added last_modified accessor to Template, returns the time.time() when the module was created.

  References: #97

- Fixed lexing support for whitespace around ‘=’ sign in defs.

  References: #102

- Removed errant “lower()” in the lexer which was causing tags to compile with case-insensitive names, thus messing up custom <%call> names.

  References: #108

- added “mako.__version__” attribute to the base module.

  References: #110

### 0.2.4

Released: Tue Dec 23 2008

- Fixed compatibility with Jython 2.5b1.

### 0.2.3

Released: Sun Nov 23 2008

- the <%namespacename:defname> syntax described at http://techspot.zzzeek.org/?p=28 has now been added as a built in syntax, and is recommended as a more modern syntax versus <%call expr=”expression”>. The %call tag itself will always remain, with <%namespacename:defname> presenting a more HTML-like alternative to calling defs, both plain and nested. Many examples of the new syntax are in the “Calling a def with embedded content” section of the docs.

- added support for Jython 2.5.

- cache module now uses Beaker’s CacheManager object directly, so that all cache types are included. memcached is available as both “ext:memcached” and “memcached”, the latter for backwards compatibility.

- added “cache” accessor to Template, Namespace. e.g. ${local.cache.get(‘somekey’)} or template.cache.invalidate_body()

- added “cache_enabled=True” flag to Template, TemplateLookup. Setting this to False causes cache operations to “pass through” and execute every time; this flag should be integrated in Pylons with its own cache_enabled configuration setting.

- the Cache object now supports invalidate_def(name), invalidate_body(), invalidate_closure(name), invalidate(key), which will remove the given key from the cache, if it exists. The cache arguments (i.e. storage type) are derived from whatever has been already persisted for that template.

  References: #92

- For cache changes to work fully, Beaker 1.1 is required. 1.0.1 and up will work as well with the exception of cache expiry. Note that Beaker 1.1 is required for applications which use dynamically generated keys, since previous versions will permanently store state in memory for each individual key, thus consuming all available memory for an arbitrarily large number of distinct keys.

- fixed bug whereby an <%included> template with <%page> args named the same as a __builtin__ would not honor the default value specified in <%page>

  References: #93

- fixed the html_error_template not handling tracebacks from normal .py files with a magic encoding comment

  References: #88

- RichTraceback() now accepts an optional traceback object to be used in place of sys.exc_info()[2]. html_error_template() and text_error_template() accept an optional render()-time argument “traceback” which is passed to the RichTraceback object.

- added ModuleTemplate class, which allows the construction of a Template given a Python module generated by a previous Template. This allows Python modules alone to be used as templates with no compilation step. Source code and template source are optional but allow error reporting to work correctly.

- fixed Python 2.3 compat. in mako.pyparser

  References: #90

- fix Babel 0.9.3 compatibility; stripping comment tags is now optional (and enabled by default).

### 0.2.2

Released: Mon Jun 23 2008

- cached blocks now use the current context when rendering an expired section, instead of the original context passed in

  References: #87

- fixed a critical issue regarding caching, whereby a cached block would raise an error when called within a cache-refresh operation that was initiated after the initiating template had completed rendering.

### 0.2.1

Released: Mon Jun 16 2008

- fixed bug where ‘output_encoding’ parameter would prevent render_unicode() from returning a unicode object.

- bumped magic number, which forces template recompile for this version (fixes incompatible compile symbols from 0.1 series).

- added a few docs for cache options, specifically those that help with memcached.

### 0.2.0

Released: Tue Jun 3 2008

- Speed improvements (as though we needed them, but people contributed and there you go):

- added “bytestring passthru” mode, via disable_unicode=True argument passed to Template or TemplateLookup. All unicode-awareness and filtering is turned off, and template modules are generated with the appropriate magic encoding comment. In this mode, template expressions can only receive raw bytestrings or Unicode objects which represent straight ASCII, and render_unicode() may not be used if multibyte characters are present. When enabled, speed improvement around 10-20%. (courtesy anonymous guest)

  References: #77

- inlined the “write” function of Context into a local template variable. This affords a 12-30% speedup in template render time. (idea courtesy same anonymous guest)

  References: #76

- New Features, API changes:

- added “attr” accessor to namespaces. Returns attributes configured as module level attributes, i.e. within <%! %> sections. i.e.:

      # somefile.html
      <%!
          foo = 27
      %>

      # some other template
      <%namespace name="myns" file="somefile.html"/>
      ${myns.attr.foo}

  The slight backwards incompatibility here is, you can’t have namespace defs named “attr” since the “attr” descriptor will occlude it.

  References: #62

- cache_key argument can now render arguments passed directly to the %page or %def, i.e. <%def name=”foo(x)” cached=”True” cache_key=”${x}”/>

  References: #78

- some functions on Context are now private: _push_buffer(), _pop_buffer(), caller_stack._push_frame(), caller_stack._pop_frame().

- added a runner script “mako-render” which renders standard input as a template to stdout

  References: #56, #81

- [bugfixes]

  can now use most names from __builtins__ as variable names without explicit declaration (i.e. ‘id’, ‘exception’, ‘range’, etc.)

  References: #83, #84

- [bugfixes]

  can also use builtin names as local variable names (i.e. dict, locals) (came from fix for)

  References: #84

- [bugfixes]

  fixed bug in python generation when variable names are used with identifiers like “else”, “finally”, etc. inside them

  References: #68

- [bugfixes]

  fixed codegen bug which occurred when using <%page> level caching, combined with an expression-based cache_key, combined with the usage of <%namespace import=”*”/> - fixed lexer exceptions not cleaning up temporary files, which could lead to a maximum number of file descriptors used in the process

  References: #69

- [bugfixes]

  fixed issue with inline format_exceptions that was producing blank exception pages when an inheriting template is present

  References: #71

- [bugfixes]

  format_exceptions will apply the encoding options of html_error_template() to the buffered output

- [bugfixes]

  rewrote the “whitespace adjuster” function to work with more elaborate combinations of quotes and comments

  References: #75

### 0.1.10

no release date

- fixed propagation of ‘caller’ such that nested %def calls within a <%call> tag’s argument list propigates ‘caller’ to the %call function itself (propigates to the inner calls too, this is a slight side effect which previously existed anyway)

- fixed bug where local.get_namespace() could put an incorrect “self” in the current context

- fixed another namespace bug where the namespace functions did not have access to the correct context containing their ‘self’ and ‘parent’

### 0.1.9

no release date

- filters.Decode filter can also accept a non-basestring object and will call str() + unicode() on it

  References: #47

- comments can be placed at the end of control lines, i.e. if foo: # a comment,, thanks to Paul Colomiets

  References: #53

- fixed expressions and page tag arguments and with embedded newlines in CRLF templates, follow up to, thanks Eric Woroshow

  References: #16

- added an IOError catch for source file not found in RichTraceback exception reporter

  References: #51

### 0.1.8

Released: Tue Jun 26 2007

- variable names declared in render methods by internal codegen prefixed by “__M_” to prevent name collisions with user code

- added a Babel (http://babel.edgewall.org/) extractor entry point, allowing extraction of gettext messages directly from mako templates via Babel

  References: #45

- fix to turbogears plugin to work with dot-separated names (i.e. load_template(‘foo.bar’)). also takes file extension as a keyword argument (default is ‘mak’).

- more tg fix: fixed, allowing string-based templates with tgplugin even if non-compatible args were sent

  References: #35

### 0.1.7

Released: Wed Jun 13 2007

- one small fix to the unit tests to support python 2.3

- a slight hack to how cache.py detects Beaker’s memcached, works around unexplained import behavior observed on some python 2.3 installations

### 0.1.6

Released: Fri May 18 2007

- caching is now supplied directly by Beaker, which has all of MyghtyUtils merged into it now. The latest Beaker (0.7.1) also fixes a bug related to how Mako was using the cache API.

- fix to module_directory path generation when the path is “./”

  References: #34

- TGPlugin passes options to string-based templates

  References: #35

- added an explicit stack frame step to template runtime, which allows much simpler and hopefully bug-free tracking of ‘caller’, fixes

  References: #28

- if plain Python defs are used with <%call>, a decorator @runtime.supports_callable exists to ensure that the “caller” stack is properly handled for the def.

- fix to RichTraceback and exception reporting to get template source code as a unicode object

  References: #37

- html_error_template includes options “full=True”, “css=True” which control generation of HTML tags, CSS

  References: #39

- added the ‘encoding_errors’ parameter to Template/TemplateLookup for specifying the error handler associated with encoding to ‘output_encoding’

  References: #40

- the Template returned by html_error_template now defaults to output_encoding=sys.getdefaultencoding(), encoding_errors=’htmlentityreplace’

  References: #37

- control lines, i.e. % lines, support backslashes to continue long lines (#32)

- fixed codegen bug when defining <%def> within <%call> within <%call>

- leading utf-8 BOM in template files is honored according to pep-0263

### 0.1.5

Released: Sat Mar 31 2007

- AST expression generation - added in just about everything expression-wise from the AST module

  References: #26

- AST parsing, properly detects imports of the form “import foo.bar”

  References: #27

- fix to lexing of <%docs> tag nested in other tags

- fix to context-arguments inside of <%include> tag which broke during 0.1.4

  References: #29

- added “n” filter, disables all filters normally applied to an expression via <%page> or default_filters (but not those within the filter)

- added buffer_filters argument, defines filters applied to the return value of buffered/cached/filtered %defs, after all filters defined with the %def itself have been applied. allows the creation of default expression filters that let the output of return-valued %defs “opt out” of that filtering via passing special attributes or objects.

### 0.1.4

Released: Sat Mar 10 2007

- got defs-within-defs to be cacheable

- fixes to code parsing/whitespace adjusting where plain python comments may contain quote characters

  References: #23

- fix to variable scoping for identifiers only referenced within functions

- added a path normalization step to lookup so URIs like “/foo/bar/../etc/../foo” pre-process the “..” tokens before checking the filesystem

- fixed/improved “caller” semantics so that undefined caller is “UNDEFINED”, propigates __nonzero__ method so it evaulates to False if not present, True otherwise. this way you can say % if caller:n ${caller.body()}n% endif

- <%include> has an “args” attribute that can pass arguments to the called template (keyword arguments only, must be declared in that page’s <%page> tag.)

- <%include> plus arguments is also programmatically available via self.include_file(<filename>, **kwargs)

- further escaping added for multibyte expressions in %def, %call attributes

  References: #24

### 0.1.3

Released: Wed Feb 21 2007

- *Small Syntax Change* - the single line comment character is now two hash signs, i.e. “## this is a comment”. This avoids a common collection with CSS selectors.

- the magic “coding” comment (i.e. # coding:utf-8) will still work with either one “#” sign or two for now; two is preferred going forward, i.e. ## coding:<someencoding>.

- new multiline comment form: “<%doc> a comment </%doc>”

- UNDEFINED evaluates to False

- improvement to scoping of “caller” variable when using <%call> tag

- added lexer error for unclosed control-line (%) line

- added “preprocessor” argument to Template, TemplateLookup - is a single callable or list of callables which will be applied to the template text before lexing. given the text as an argument, returns the new text.

- added mako.ext.preprocessors package, contains one preprocessor so far: ‘convert_comments’, which will convert single # comments to the new ## format

### 0.1.2

Released: Thu Feb 1 2007

- fix to parsing of code/expression blocks to insure that non-ascii characters, combined with a template that indicates a non-standard encoding, are expanded into backslash-escaped glyphs before being AST parsed

  References: #11

- all template lexing converts the template to unicode first, to immediately catch any encoding issues and ensure internal unicode representation.

- added module_filename argument to Template to allow specification of a specific module file

- added modulename_callable to TemplateLookup to allow a function to determine module filenames (takes filename, uri arguments). used for

  References: #14

- added optional input_encoding flag to Template, to allow sending a unicode() object with no magic encoding comment

- “expression_filter” argument in <%page> applies only to expressions

- [“unicode”]

  added “default_filters” argument to Template, TemplateLookup. applies only to expressions, gets prepended to “expression_filter” arg from <%page>. defaults to, so that all expressions get stringified into u’’ by default (this is what Mako already does). By setting to [], expressions are passed through raw.

- added “imports” argument to Template, TemplateLookup. so you can predefine a list of import statements at the top of the template. can be used in conjunction with default_filters.

- support for CRLF templates…whoops ! welcome to all the windows users.

  References: #16

- small fix to local variable propigation for locals that are conditionally declared

- got “top level” def calls to work, i.e. template.get_def(“somedef”).render()

### 0.1.1

Released: Sun Jan 14 2007

- buffet plugin supports string-based templates, allows ToscaWidgets to work

  References: #8

- AST parsing fixes: fixed TryExcept identifier parsing

- removed textmate tmbundle from contrib and into separate SVN location; windows users cant handle those files, setuptools not very good at “pruning” certain directories

- fix so that “cache_timeout” parameter is propigated

- fix to expression filters so that string conversion (actually unicode) properly occurs before filtering

- better error message when a lookup is attempted with a template that has no lookup

- implemented “module” attribute for namespace

- fix to code generation to correctly track multiple defs with the same name

- “directories” can be passed to TemplateLookup as a scalar in which case it gets converted to a list

  References: #9