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# std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.allocator_list

struct `AllocatorList`(Factory, BookkeepingAllocator = GCAllocator);
template `AllocatorList`(alias factoryFunction, BookkeepingAllocator = GCAllocator)
  Given an object factory of type Factory or a factory function factoryFunction, and optionally also BookkeepingAllocator as a supplemental allocator for bookkeeping, `AllocatorList` creates an allocator that lazily creates as many allocators are needed for satisfying client allocation requests.
  An embedded list builds a most-recently-used strategy: the most recent allocators used in calls to either allocate, owns (successful calls only), or deallocate are tried for new allocations in order of their most recent use. Thus, although core operations take in theory Ο(k) time for k allocators in current use, in many workloads the factor is sublinear. Details of the actual strategy may change in future releases.
  `AllocatorList` is primarily intended for coarse-grained handling of allocators, i.e. the number of allocators in the list is expected to be relatively small compared to the number of allocations handled by each allocator. However, the per-allocator overhead is small so using `AllocatorList` with a large number of allocators should be satisfactory as long as the most-recently-used strategy is fast enough for the application.
  `AllocatorList` makes an effort to return allocated memory back when no longer used. It does so by destroying empty allocators. However, in order to avoid thrashing (excessive creation/destruction of allocators under certain use patterns), it keeps unused allocators for a while.
  Parameters:

  factoryFunction | A function or template function (including function literals). New allocators are created by calling factoryFunction(n) with strictly positive numbers n. Delegates that capture their enviroment are not created amid concerns regarding garbage creation for the environment. When the factory needs state, a Factory object should be used.
  BookkeepingAllocator | Allocator used for storing bookkeeping data. The size of bookkeeping data is proportional to the number of allocators. If BookkeepingAllocator is NullAllocator, then `AllocatorList` is "ouroboros-style", i.e. it keeps the bookkeeping data in memory obtained from the allocators themselves. Note that for ouroboros-style management, the size n passed to make will be occasionally different from the size requested by client code.
  Factory | Type of a factory object that returns new allocators on a need basis. For an object sweatshop of type Factory, sweatshop(n) should return an allocator able to allocate at least n bytes (i.e. Factory must define opCall(size_t) to return an allocator object). Usually the capacity of allocators created should be much larger than n such that an allocator can be used for many subsequent allocations. n is passed only to ensure the minimum necessary for the next allocation. The factory object is allowed to hold state, which will be stored inside `AllocatorList` as a direct public member called factory.

  Examples:

      import std.algorithm.comparison : max;
      import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.free_list : ContiguousFreeList;
      import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.null_allocator : NullAllocator;
      import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.region : Region;
      import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.segregator : Segregator;
      import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
      import std.experimental.allocator.mmap_allocator : MmapAllocator;

      // Ouroboros allocator list based upon 4MB regions, fetched directly from
      // mmap. All memory is released upon destruction.
      alias A1 = AllocatorList!((n) => Region!MmapAllocator(max(n, 1024 * 4096)),
          NullAllocator);

      // Allocator list based upon 4MB regions, fetched from the garbage
      // collector. All memory is released upon destruction.
      alias A2 = AllocatorList!((n) => Region!GCAllocator(max(n, 1024 * 4096)));

      // Ouroboros allocator list based upon 4MB regions, fetched from the garbage
      // collector. Memory is left to the collector.
      alias A3 = AllocatorList!(
          (n) => Region!NullAllocator(new ubyte[max(n, 1024 * 4096)]),
          NullAllocator);

      // Allocator list that creates one freelist for all objects
      alias A4 =
          Segregator!(
              64, AllocatorList!(
                  (n) => ContiguousFreeList!(NullAllocator, 0, 64)(
                      cast(ubyte[])(GCAllocator.instance.allocate(4096)))),
              GCAllocator);

      A4 a;
      auto small = a.allocate(64);
      assert(small);
      a.deallocate(small);
      auto b1 = a.allocate(1024 * 8192);
      assert(b1 !is null); // still works due to overdimensioning
      b1 = a.allocate(1024 * 10);
      writeln(b1.length); // 1024 * 10

  alias `Allocator` = typeof(Factory.init(1));
    Alias for typeof(Factory()(1)), i.e. the type of the individual allocators.
  BookkeepingAllocator `bkalloc`;
    If BookkeepingAllocator is not NullAllocator, `bkalloc` is defined and accessible.
  this(ref Factory `plant`);
  this(Factory `plant`);
    Constructs an AllocatorList given a factory object. This constructor is defined only if Factory has state.
  enum uint `alignment`;
    The `alignment` offered.
  void[] `allocate`(size_t `s`);
    Allocate a block of size `s`. First tries to `allocate` from the existing list of already-created allocators. If neither can satisfy the request, creates a new allocator by calling make(`s`) and delegates the request to it. However, if the allocation fresh off a newly created allocator fails, subsequent calls to `allocate` will not cause more calls to make.
  Ternary `owns`(void[] `b`);
    Defined only if Allocator defines `owns`. Tries each allocator in turn, in most-recently-used order. If the owner is found, it is moved to the front of the list as a side effect under the assumption it will be used soon.
    Returns:
    Ternary.yes if one allocator was found to return Ternary.yes, Ternary.no if all component allocators returned Ternary.no, and Ternary.unknown if no allocator returned Ternary.yes and at least one returned Ternary.unknown.
  bool `expand`(ref void[] `b`, size_t `delta`);
    Defined only if Allocator.`expand` is defined. Finds the owner of `b` and calls `expand` for it. The owner is not brought to the head of the list.
  bool `reallocate`(ref void[] `b`, size_t `s`);
    Defined only if Allocator.`reallocate` is defined. Finds the owner of `b` and calls `reallocate` for it. If that fails, calls the global `reallocate`, which allocates a new block and moves memory.
  bool `deallocate`(void[] `b`);
    Defined if Allocator.`deallocate` and Allocator.owns are defined.
  bool `deallocateAll`();
    Defined only if Allocator.owns and Allocator.`deallocateAll` are defined.
  const Ternary `empty`();
    Returns Ternary.yes if no allocators are currently active, Ternary.no otherwise. This methods never returns Ternary.unknown.

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