import tempfile
import sys
import os
import warnings
import numpy as np
from nose import SkipTest
from numpy.core import *
from numpy.compat import asbytes
from numpy.testing.utils import WarningManager
from numpy.compat import asbytes, getexception, strchar
from test_print import in_foreign_locale
from numpy.core.multiarray_tests import (
        test_neighborhood_iterator, test_neighborhood_iterator_oob,
        test_pydatamem_seteventhook_start, test_pydatamem_seteventhook_end,
        )
from numpy.testing import (
        TestCase, run_module_suite, assert_, assert_raises,
        assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_equal,
        assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose, runstring, dec
        )

# Need to test an object that does not fully implement math interface
from datetime import timedelta


if sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
    # In Python 3.3 the representation of empty shape, strides and suboffsets
    # is an empty tuple instead of None.
    # http://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes
    EMPTY = ()
else:    
    EMPTY = None


class TestFlags(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.a = arange(10)

    def test_writeable(self):
        mydict = locals()
        self.a.flags.writeable = False
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, runstring, 'self.a[0] = 3', mydict)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, runstring, 'self.a[0:1].itemset(3)', mydict)
        self.a.flags.writeable = True
        self.a[0] = 5
        self.a[0] = 0

    def test_otherflags(self):
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.carray, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.farray, False)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.behaved, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.fnc, False)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.forc, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.owndata, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.writeable, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.aligned, True)
        assert_equal(self.a.flags.updateifcopy, False)


class TestAttributes(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.one = arange(10)
        self.two = arange(20).reshape(4,5)
        self.three = arange(60,dtype=float64).reshape(2,5,6)

    def test_attributes(self):
        assert_equal(self.one.shape, (10,))
        assert_equal(self.two.shape, (4,5))
        assert_equal(self.three.shape, (2,5,6))
        self.three.shape = (10,3,2)
        assert_equal(self.three.shape, (10,3,2))
        self.three.shape = (2,5,6)
        assert_equal(self.one.strides, (self.one.itemsize,))
        num = self.two.itemsize
        assert_equal(self.two.strides, (5*num, num))
        num = self.three.itemsize
        assert_equal(self.three.strides, (30*num, 6*num, num))
        assert_equal(self.one.ndim, 1)
        assert_equal(self.two.ndim, 2)
        assert_equal(self.three.ndim, 3)
        num = self.two.itemsize
        assert_equal(self.two.size, 20)
        assert_equal(self.two.nbytes, 20*num)
        assert_equal(self.two.itemsize, self.two.dtype.itemsize)
        assert_equal(self.two.base, arange(20))

    def test_dtypeattr(self):
        assert_equal(self.one.dtype, dtype(int_))
        assert_equal(self.three.dtype, dtype(float_))
        assert_equal(self.one.dtype.char, 'l')
        assert_equal(self.three.dtype.char, 'd')
        self.assertTrue(self.three.dtype.str[0] in '<>')
        assert_equal(self.one.dtype.str[1], 'i')
        assert_equal(self.three.dtype.str[1], 'f')

    def test_stridesattr(self):
        x = self.one
        def make_array(size, offset, strides):
            return ndarray([size], buffer=x, dtype=int,
                           offset=offset*x.itemsize,
                           strides=strides*x.itemsize)
        assert_equal(make_array(4, 4, -1), array([4, 3, 2, 1]))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 4, -2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 2, -1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 8, 3, 1)
        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 8, 3, 0)
        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: ndarray([1], strides=4))


    def test_set_stridesattr(self):
        x = self.one
        def make_array(size, offset, strides):
            try:
                r = ndarray([size], dtype=int, buffer=x, offset=offset*x.itemsize)
            except:
                raise RuntimeError(getexception())
            r.strides = strides=strides*x.itemsize
            return r
        assert_equal(make_array(4, 4, -1), array([4, 3, 2, 1]))
        assert_equal(make_array(7,3,1), array([3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 4, -2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 2, -1)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, make_array, 8, 3, 1)
        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_array, 8, 3, 0)

    def test_fill(self):
        for t in "?bhilqpBHILQPfdgFDGO":
            x = empty((3,2,1), t)
            y = empty((3,2,1), t)
            x.fill(1)
            y[...] = 1
            assert_equal(x,y)

        x = array([(0,0.0), (1,1.0)], dtype='i4,f8')
        x.fill(x[0])
        assert_equal(x['f1'][1], x['f1'][0])

class TestAssignment(TestCase):
    def test_assignment_broadcasting(self):
        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)

        # Broadcasting the input to the output
        a[...] = np.arange(3)
        assert_equal(a, [[0,1,2],[0,1,2]])
        a[...] = np.arange(2).reshape(2,1)
        assert_equal(a, [[0,0,0],[1,1,1]])

        # For compatibility with <= 1.5, a limited version of broadcasting
        # the output to the input.
        #
        # This behavior is inconsistent with NumPy broadcasting
        # in general, because it only uses one of the two broadcasting
        # rules (adding a new "1" dimension to the left of the shape),
        # applied to the output instead of an input. In NumPy 2.0, this kind
        # of broadcasting assignment will likely be disallowed.
        a[...] = np.arange(6)[::-1].reshape(1,2,3)
        assert_equal(a, [[5,4,3],[2,1,0]])
        # The other type of broadcasting would require a reduction operation.
        def assign(a,b):
            a[...] = b
        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, np.arange(12).reshape(2,2,3))

class TestDtypedescr(TestCase):
    def test_construction(self):
        d1 = dtype('i4')
        assert_equal(d1, dtype(int32))
        d2 = dtype('f8')
        assert_equal(d2, dtype(float64))

class TestZeroRank(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.d = array(0), array('x', object)

    def test_ellipsis_subscript(self):
        a,b = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[...], 0)
        self.assertEqual(b[...], 'x')
        self.assertTrue(a[...] is a)
        self.assertTrue(b[...] is b)

    def test_empty_subscript(self):
        a,b = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[()], 0)
        self.assertEqual(b[()], 'x')
        self.assertTrue(type(a[()]) is a.dtype.type)
        self.assertTrue(type(b[()]) is str)

    def test_invalid_subscript(self):
        a,b = self.d
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], a)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], b)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[array([], int)], a)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[array([], int)], b)

    def test_ellipsis_subscript_assignment(self):
        a,b = self.d
        a[...] = 42
        self.assertEqual(a, 42)
        b[...] = ''
        self.assertEqual(b.item(), '')

    def test_empty_subscript_assignment(self):
        a,b = self.d
        a[()] = 42
        self.assertEqual(a, 42)
        b[()] = ''
        self.assertEqual(b.item(), '')

    def test_invalid_subscript_assignment(self):
        a,b = self.d
        def assign(x, i, v):
            x[i] = v
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, assign, a, 0, 42)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, assign, b, 0, '')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, assign, a, (), '')

    def test_newaxis(self):
        a,b = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, ...].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, ..., newaxis].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis, newaxis].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, newaxis, ...].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[(newaxis,)*10].shape, (1,)*10)

    def test_invalid_newaxis(self):
        a,b = self.d
        def subscript(x, i): x[i]
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, subscript, a, (newaxis, 0))
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, subscript, a, (newaxis,)*50)

    def test_constructor(self):
        x = ndarray(())
        x[()] = 5
        self.assertEqual(x[()], 5)
        y = ndarray((),buffer=x)
        y[()] = 6
        self.assertEqual(x[()], 6)

    def test_output(self):
        x = array(2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, add, x, [1], x)


class TestScalarIndexing(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.d = array([0,1])[0]

    def test_ellipsis_subscript(self):
        a = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[...], 0)
        self.assertEqual(a[...].shape,())

    def test_empty_subscript(self):
        a = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[()], 0)
        self.assertEqual(a[()].shape,())

    def test_invalid_subscript(self):
        a = self.d
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], a)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda x: x[array([], int)], a)

    def test_invalid_subscript_assignment(self):
        a = self.d
        def assign(x, i, v):
            x[i] = v
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, assign, a, 0, 42)

    def test_newaxis(self):
        a = self.d
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, ...].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis].shape, (1,))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, ..., newaxis].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[..., newaxis, newaxis].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[newaxis, newaxis, ...].shape, (1,1))
        self.assertEqual(a[(newaxis,)*10].shape, (1,)*10)

    def test_invalid_newaxis(self):
        a = self.d
        def subscript(x, i): x[i]
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, subscript, a, (newaxis, 0))
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, subscript, a, (newaxis,)*50)

    def test_overlapping_assignment(self):
        # With positive strides
        a = np.arange(4)
        a[:-1] = a[1:]
        assert_equal(a, [1,2,3,3])

        a = np.arange(4)
        a[1:] = a[:-1]
        assert_equal(a, [0,0,1,2])

        # With positive and negative strides
        a = np.arange(4)
        a[:] = a[::-1]
        assert_equal(a, [3,2,1,0])

        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
        a[::-1,:] = a[:,::-1]
        assert_equal(a, [[5,4,3],[2,1,0]])

        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
        a[::-1,::-1] = a[:,::-1]
        assert_equal(a, [[3,4,5],[0,1,2]])

        # With just one element overlapping
        a = np.arange(5)
        a[:3] = a[2:]
        assert_equal(a, [2,3,4,3,4])

        a = np.arange(5)
        a[2:] = a[:3]
        assert_equal(a, [0,1,0,1,2])

        a = np.arange(5)
        a[2::-1] = a[2:]
        assert_equal(a, [4,3,2,3,4])

        a = np.arange(5)
        a[2:] = a[2::-1]
        assert_equal(a, [0,1,2,1,0])

        a = np.arange(5)
        a[2::-1] = a[:1:-1]
        assert_equal(a, [2,3,4,3,4])

        a = np.arange(5)
        a[:1:-1] = a[2::-1]
        assert_equal(a, [0,1,0,1,2])

class TestCreation(TestCase):
    def test_from_attribute(self):
        class x(object):
            def __array__(self, dtype=None):
                pass
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, array, x())

    def test_from_string(self) :
        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float']
        nstr = ['123','123']
        result = array([123, 123], dtype=int)
        for type in types :
            msg = 'String conversion for %s' % type
            assert_equal(array(nstr, dtype=type), result, err_msg=msg)

    def test_void(self):
        arr = np.array([], dtype='V')
        assert_equal(arr.dtype.kind, 'V')

    def test_non_sequence_sequence(self):
        """Should not segfault.

        Class Fail breaks the sequence protocol for new style classes, i.e.,
        those derived from object. Class Map is a mapping type indicated by
        raising a ValueError. At some point we may raise a warning instead
        of an error in the Fail case.

        """
        class Fail(object):
            def __len__(self):
                return 1

            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError()

        class Map(object):
            def __len__(self):
                return 1

            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise KeyError()

        a = np.array([Map()])
        assert_(a.shape == (1,))
        assert_(a.dtype == np.dtype(object))
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, [Fail()])


class TestStructured(TestCase):
    def test_subarray_field_access(self):
        a = np.zeros((3, 5), dtype=[('a', ('i4', (2, 2)))])
        a['a'] = np.arange(60).reshape(3, 5, 2, 2)

        # Since the subarray is always in C-order, these aren't equal
        assert_(np.any(a['a'].T != a.T['a']))

        # In Fortran order, the subarray gets appended
        # like in all other cases, not prepended as a special case
        b = a.copy(order='F')
        assert_equal(a['a'].shape, b['a'].shape)
        assert_equal(a.T['a'].shape, a.T.copy()['a'].shape)

    def test_subarray_comparison(self):
        # Check that comparisons between record arrays with
        # multi-dimensional field types work properly
        a = np.rec.fromrecords(
            [([1,2,3],'a', [[1,2],[3,4]]),([3,3,3],'b',[[0,0],[0,0]])],
            dtype=[('a', ('f4',3)), ('b', np.object), ('c', ('i4',(2,2)))])
        b = a.copy()
        assert_equal(a==b, [True,True])
        assert_equal(a!=b, [False,False])
        b[1].b = 'c'
        assert_equal(a==b, [True,False])
        assert_equal(a!=b, [False,True])
        for i in range(3):
            b[0].a = a[0].a
            b[0].a[i] = 5
            assert_equal(a==b, [False,False])
            assert_equal(a!=b, [True,True])
        for i in range(2):
            for j in range(2):
                b = a.copy()
                b[0].c[i,j] = 10
                assert_equal(a==b, [False,True])
                assert_equal(a!=b, [True,False])

        # Check that broadcasting with a subarray works
        a = np.array([[(0,)],[(1,)]],dtype=[('a','f8')])
        b = np.array([(0,),(0,),(1,)],dtype=[('a','f8')])
        assert_equal(a==b, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
        assert_equal(b==a, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
        a = np.array([[(0,)],[(1,)]],dtype=[('a','f8',(1,))])
        b = np.array([(0,),(0,),(1,)],dtype=[('a','f8',(1,))])
        assert_equal(a==b, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
        assert_equal(b==a, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
        a = np.array([[([0,0],)],[([1,1],)]],dtype=[('a','f8',(2,))])
        b = np.array([([0,0],),([0,1],),([1,1],)],dtype=[('a','f8',(2,))])
        assert_equal(a==b, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
        assert_equal(b==a, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])

        # Check that broadcasting Fortran-style arrays with a subarray work
        a = np.array([[([0,0],)],[([1,1],)]],dtype=[('a','f8',(2,))], order='F')
        b = np.array([([0,0],),([0,1],),([1,1],)],dtype=[('a','f8',(2,))])
        assert_equal(a==b, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
        assert_equal(b==a, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])

        # Check that incompatible sub-array shapes don't result to broadcasting
        x = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (1,2))), ('b', 'i1')])
        y = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2,))), ('b', 'i1')])
        assert_equal(x == y, False)

        x = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2,1))), ('b', 'i1')])
        y = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2,))), ('b', 'i1')])
        assert_equal(x == y, False)


class TestBool(TestCase):
    def test_test_interning(self):
        a0 = bool_(0)
        b0 = bool_(False)
        self.assertTrue(a0 is b0)
        a1 = bool_(1)
        b1 = bool_(True)
        self.assertTrue(a1 is b1)
        self.assertTrue(array([True])[0] is a1)
        self.assertTrue(array(True)[()] is a1)


class TestMethods(TestCase):
    def test_test_round(self):
        assert_equal(array([1.2,1.5]).round(), [1,2])
        assert_equal(array(1.5).round(), 2)
        assert_equal(array([12.2,15.5]).round(-1), [10,20])
        assert_equal(array([12.15,15.51]).round(1), [12.2,15.5])

    def test_transpose(self):
        a = array([[1,2],[3,4]])
        assert_equal(a.transpose(), [[1,3],[2,4]])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0,0))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0,1,2))

    def test_sort(self):
        # test ordering for floats and complex containing nans. It is only
        # necessary to check the lessthan comparison, so sorts that
        # only follow the insertion sort path are sufficient. We only
        # test doubles and complex doubles as the logic is the same.

        # check doubles
        msg = "Test real sort order with nans"
        a = np.array([np.nan, 1, 0])
        b = sort(a)
        assert_equal(b, a[::-1], msg)
        # check complex
        msg = "Test complex sort order with nans"
        a = np.zeros(9, dtype=np.complex128)
        a.real += [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]
        a.imag += [np.nan, 1, 0, np.nan, np.nan, 1, 0, 1, 0]
        b = sort(a)
        assert_equal(b, a[::-1], msg)

        # all c scalar sorts use the same code with different types
        # so it suffices to run a quick check with one type. The number
        # of sorted items must be greater than ~50 to check the actual
        # algorithm because quick and merge sort fall over to insertion
        # sort for small arrays.
        a = np.arange(101)
        b = a[::-1].copy()
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "scalar sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test complex sorts. These use the same code as the scalars
        # but the compare fuction differs.
        ai = a*1j + 1
        bi = b*1j + 1
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "complex sort, real part == 1, kind=%s" % kind
            c = ai.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)
            c = bi.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)
        ai = a + 1j
        bi = b + 1j
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "complex sort, imag part == 1, kind=%s" % kind
            c = ai.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)
            c = bi.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)

        # test string sorts.
        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)])
        b = a[::-1].copy()
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "string sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test unicode sorts.
        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)], dtype=np.unicode)
        b = a[::-1].copy()
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "unicode sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test object array sorts.
        a = np.empty((101,), dtype=np.object)
        a[:] = range(101)
        b = a[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "object sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test record array sorts.
        dt = np.dtype([('f',float),('i',int)])
        a = array([(i,i) for i in range(101)], dtype = dt)
        b = a[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "object sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test datetime64 sorts.
        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='datetime64[D]')
        b = a[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "datetime64 sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # test timedelta64 sorts.
        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='timedelta64[D]')
        b = a[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "timedelta64 sort, kind=%s" % kind
            c = a.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
            c = b.copy();
            c.sort(kind=kind)
            assert_equal(c, a, msg)

        # check axis handling. This should be the same for all type
        # specific sorts, so we only check it for one type and one kind
        a = np.array([[3,2],[1,0]])
        b = np.array([[1,0],[3,2]])
        c = np.array([[2,3],[0,1]])
        d = a.copy()
        d.sort(axis=0)
        assert_equal(d, b, "test sort with axis=0")
        d = a.copy()
        d.sort(axis=1)
        assert_equal(d, c, "test sort with axis=1")
        d = a.copy()
        d.sort()
        assert_equal(d, c, "test sort with default axis")


    def test_sort_order(self):
        # Test sorting an array with fields
        x1=np.array([21,32,14])
        x2=np.array(['my','first','name'])
        x3=np.array([3.1,4.5,6.2])
        r=np.rec.fromarrays([x1,x2,x3],names='id,word,number')

        r.sort(order=['id'])
        assert_equal(r.id, array([14,21,32]))
        assert_equal(r.word, array(['name','my','first']))
        assert_equal(r.number, array([6.2,3.1,4.5]))

        r.sort(order=['word'])
        assert_equal(r.id, array([32,21,14]))
        assert_equal(r.word, array(['first','my','name']))
        assert_equal(r.number, array([4.5,3.1,6.2]))

        r.sort(order=['number'])
        assert_equal(r.id, array([21,32,14]))
        assert_equal(r.word, array(['my','first','name']))
        assert_equal(r.number, array([3.1,4.5,6.2]))

        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
            strtype = '>i2'
        else:
            strtype = '<i2'
        mydtype = [('name', strchar + '5'),('col2',strtype)]
        r = np.array([('a', 1),('b', 255), ('c', 3), ('d', 258)],
                     dtype= mydtype)
        r.sort(order='col2')
        assert_equal(r['col2'], [1, 3, 255, 258])
        assert_equal(r, np.array([('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 255), ('d', 258)],
                                 dtype=mydtype))

    def test_argsort(self):
        # all c scalar argsorts use the same code with different types
        # so it suffices to run a quick check with one type. The number
        # of sorted items must be greater than ~50 to check the actual
        # algorithm because quick and merge sort fall over to insertion
        # sort for small arrays.
        a = np.arange(101)
        b = a[::-1].copy()
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "scalar argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)

        # test complex argsorts. These use the same code as the scalars
        # but the compare fuction differs.
        ai = a*1j + 1
        bi = b*1j + 1
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "complex argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(ai.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
            assert_equal(bi.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)
        ai = a + 1j
        bi = b + 1j
        for kind in ['q','m','h'] :
            msg = "complex argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(ai.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
            assert_equal(bi.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)

        # test string argsorts.
        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)])
        b = a[::-1].copy()
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "string argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)

        # test unicode argsorts.
        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)], dtype=np.unicode)
        b = a[::-1]
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "unicode argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)

        # test object array argsorts.
        a = np.empty((101,), dtype=np.object)
        a[:] = range(101)
        b = a[::-1]
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "object argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)

        # test structured array argsorts.
        dt = np.dtype([('f',float),('i',int)])
        a = array([(i,i) for i in range(101)], dtype = dt)
        b = a[::-1]
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'm', 'h'] :
            msg = "structured array argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)

        # test datetime64 argsorts.
        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='datetime64[D]')
        b = a[::-1]
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "datetime64 argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)

        # test timedelta64 argsorts.
        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='timedelta64[D]')
        b = a[::-1]
        r = np.arange(101)
        rr = r[::-1]
        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm'] :
            msg = "timedelta64 argsort, kind=%s" % kind
            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)


        # check axis handling. This should be the same for all type
        # specific argsorts, so we only check it for one type and one kind
        a = np.array([[3,2],[1,0]])
        b = np.array([[1,1],[0,0]])
        c = np.array([[1,0],[1,0]])
        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(axis=0), b)
        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(axis=1), c)
        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(), c)
        # using None is known fail at this point
        #assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(axis=None, c)

        # check that stable argsorts are stable
        r = np.arange(100)
        # scalars
        a = np.zeros(100)
        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
        # complex
        a = np.zeros(100, dtype=np.complex)
        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
        # string
        a = np.array(['aaaaaaaaa' for i in range(100)])
        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
        # unicode
        a = np.array(['aaaaaaaaa' for i in range(100)], dtype=np.unicode)
        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)

    def test_searchsorted(self):
        # test for floats and complex containing nans. The logic is the
        # same for all float types so only test double types for now.
        # The search sorted routines use the compare functions for the
        # array type, so this checks if that is consistent with the sort
        # order.

        # check double
        a = np.array([np.nan, 1, 0])
        a = np.array([0, 1, np.nan])
        msg = "Test real searchsorted with nans, side='l'"
        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='l')
        assert_equal(b, np.arange(3), msg)
        msg = "Test real searchsorted with nans, side='r'"
        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='r')
        assert_equal(b, np.arange(1,4), msg)
        # check double complex
        a = np.zeros(9, dtype=np.complex128)
        a.real += [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]
        a.imag += [0, 1, 0, 1, np.nan, np.nan, 0, 1, np.nan]
        msg = "Test complex searchsorted with nans, side='l'"
        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='l')
        assert_equal(b, np.arange(9), msg)
        msg = "Test complex searchsorted with nans, side='r'"
        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='r')
        assert_equal(b, np.arange(1,10), msg)
        msg = "Test searchsorted with little endian, side='l'"
        a = np.array([0,128],dtype='<i4')
        b = a.searchsorted(np.array(128,dtype='<i4'))
        assert_equal(b, 1, msg)
        msg = "Test searchsorted with big endian, side='l'"
        a = np.array([0,128],dtype='>i4')
        b = a.searchsorted(np.array(128,dtype='>i4'))
        assert_equal(b, 1, msg)

    def test_searchsorted_unicode(self):
        # Test searchsorted on unicode strings.

        # 1.6.1 contained a string length miscalculation in
        # arraytypes.c.src:UNICODE_compare() which manifested as
        # incorrect/inconsistent results from searchsorted.
        a = np.array(['P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100185_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100186_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100187_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100189_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100190_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100191_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100192_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100193_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100194_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100195_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100196_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100197_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100198_1',
                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100199_1'],
                      dtype=np.unicode)
        ind = np.arange(len(a))
        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(v, 'left') for v in a], ind)
        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(v, 'right') for v in a], ind + 1)
        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(a[i], 'left') for i in ind], ind)
        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(a[i], 'right') for i in ind], ind + 1)

    def test_searchsorted_with_sorter(self):
        a = np.array([5,2,1,3,4])
        s = np.argsort(a)
        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=(1,(2,3)))
        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1.1])
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1,2,3,4])
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1,2,3,4,5,6])

        # bounds check
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 4, sorter=[0,1,2,3,5])
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[-1,0,1,2,3])

        a = np.random.rand(100)
        s = a.argsort()
        b = np.sort(a)
        k = np.linspace(0, 1, 20)
        assert_equal(b.searchsorted(k), a.searchsorted(k, sorter=s))

        a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 5]*20)
        s = a.argsort()
        k = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5]
        assert_equal(a.searchsorted(k, side='l', sorter=s), [0, 20, 40, 60, 80])
        assert_equal(a.searchsorted(k, side='r', sorter=s), [20, 40, 60, 80, 100])

    def test_flatten(self):
        x0 = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], np.int32)
        x1 = np.array([[[1,2],[3,4]],[[5,6],[7,8]]], np.int32)
        y0 = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6], np.int32)
        y0f = np.array([1,4,2,5,3,6], np.int32)
        y1 = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], np.int32)
        y1f = np.array([1,5,3,7,2,6,4,8], np.int32)
        assert_equal(x0.flatten(), y0)
        assert_equal(x0.flatten('F'), y0f)
        assert_equal(x0.flatten('F'), x0.T.flatten())
        assert_equal(x1.flatten(), y1)
        assert_equal(x1.flatten('F'), y1f)
        assert_equal(x1.flatten('F'), x1.T.flatten())

    def test_dot(self):
        a = np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
        b = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]])
        c = np.array([[9, 1], [1, -9]])

        assert_equal(np.dot(a, b), a.dot(b))
        assert_equal(np.dot(np.dot(a, b), c), a.dot(b).dot(c))

    def test_diagonal(self):
        a = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
        assert_equal(a.diagonal(), [0, 5, 10])
        assert_equal(a.diagonal(0), [0, 5, 10])
        assert_equal(a.diagonal(1), [1, 6, 11])
        assert_equal(a.diagonal(-1), [4, 9])

        b = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2))
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(1), [[2], [3]])
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(-1), [[4], [5]])
        assert_raises(ValueError, b.diagonal, axis1=0, axis2=0)
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 1, 2), [[0, 3], [4, 7]])
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 0, 1), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(offset=1, axis1=0, axis2=2), [[1], [3]])
        # Order of axis argument doesn't matter:
        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 2, 1), [[0, 3], [4, 7]])

    def test_diagonal_deprecation(self):
        import warnings
        from numpy.testing.utils import WarningManager
        def collect_warning_types(f, *args, **kwargs):
            ctx = WarningManager(record=True)
            warning_log = ctx.__enter__()
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            try:
                f(*args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                ctx.__exit__()
            return [w.category for w in warning_log]
        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
        # All the different functions raise a warning, but not an error, and
        # 'a' is not modified:
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(a.diagonal().__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [FutureWarning])
        assert_equal(a, np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3))
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(np.diagonal(a).__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [FutureWarning])
        assert_equal(a, np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3))
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(np.diag(a).__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [FutureWarning])
        assert_equal(a, np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3))
        # Views also warn
        d = np.diagonal(a)
        d_view = d.view()
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(d_view.__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [FutureWarning])
        # But the write goes through:
        assert_equal(d[0], 10)
        # Only one warning per call to diagonal, though (even if there are
        # multiple views involved):
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(d.__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [])

        # Other ways of accessing the data also warn:
        # .data goes via the C buffer API, gives a read-write
        # buffer/memoryview. We don't warn until tp_getwritebuf is actually
        # called, which is not until the buffer is written to.
        have_memoryview = (hasattr(__builtins__, "memoryview")
                           or "memoryview" in __builtins__)
        def get_data_and_write(getter):
            buf_or_memoryview = getter(a.diagonal())
            if (have_memoryview and isinstance(buf_or_memoryview, memoryview)):
                buf_or_memoryview[0] = np.array(1)
            else:
                buf_or_memoryview[0] = "x"
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(get_data_and_write,
                                           lambda d: d.data),
                     [FutureWarning])
        if hasattr(np, "getbuffer"):
            assert_equal(collect_warning_types(get_data_and_write,
                                               np.getbuffer),
                         [FutureWarning])
        # PEP 3118:
        if have_memoryview:
            assert_equal(collect_warning_types(get_data_and_write, memoryview),
                         [FutureWarning])
        # Void dtypes can give us a read-write buffer, but only in Python 2:
        import sys
        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
            aV = np.empty((3, 3), dtype="V10")
            assert_equal(collect_warning_types(aV.diagonal().item, 0),
                         [FutureWarning])
            # XX it seems that direct indexing of a void object returns a void
            # scalar, which ignores not just WARN_ON_WRITE but even WRITEABLE.
            # i.e. in this:
            #   a = np.empty(10, dtype="V10")
            #   a.flags.writeable = False
            #   buf = a[0].item()
            # 'buf' ends up as a writeable buffer. I guess no-one actually
            # uses void types like this though...
        # __array_interface also lets a data pointer get away from us
        log = collect_warning_types(getattr, a.diagonal(),
                                    "__array_interface__")
        assert_equal(log, [FutureWarning])
        # ctypeslib goes via __array_interface__:
        try:
            # may not exist in python 2.4:
            import ctypes
        except ImportError:
            pass
        else:
            log = collect_warning_types(np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes, a.diagonal())
            assert_equal(log, [FutureWarning])
        # __array_struct__
        log = collect_warning_types(getattr, a.diagonal(), "__array_struct__")
        assert_equal(log, [FutureWarning])

        # Make sure that our recommendation to silence the warning by copying
        # the array actually works:
        diag_copy = a.diagonal().copy()
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(diag_copy.__setitem__, 0, 10),
                      [])
        # There might be people who get a spurious warning because they are
        # extracting a buffer, but then use that buffer in a read-only
        # fashion. And they might get cranky at having to create a superfluous
        # copy just to work around this spurious warning. A reasonable
        # solution would be for them to mark their usage as read-only, and
        # thus safe for both past and future PyArray_Diagonal
        # semantics. So let's make sure that setting the diagonal array to
        # non-writeable will suppress these warnings:
        ro_diag = a.diagonal()
        ro_diag.flags.writeable = False
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(getattr, ro_diag, "data"), [])
        # __array_interface__ has no way to communicate read-onlyness --
        # effectively all __array_interface__ arrays are assumed to be
        # writeable :-(
        # ro_diag = a.diagonal()
        # ro_diag.flags.writeable = False
        # assert_equal(collect_warning_types(getattr, ro_diag,
        #                                     "__array_interface__"), [])
        if hasattr(__builtins__, "memoryview"):
            ro_diag = a.diagonal()
            ro_diag.flags.writeable = False
            assert_equal(collect_warning_types(memoryview, ro_diag), [])
        ro_diag = a.diagonal()
        ro_diag.flags.writeable = False
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(getattr, ro_diag,
                                           "__array_struct__"), [])


    def test_ravel(self):
        a = np.array([[0,1],[2,3]])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [0,1,2,3])
        assert_(not a.ravel().flags.owndata)
        assert_equal(a.ravel('F'), [0,2,1,3])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), [0,1,2,3])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='F'), [0,2,1,3])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [0,1,2,3])
        assert_(not a.ravel(order='A').flags.owndata)
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [0,1,2,3])
        assert_(not a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
        assert_equal(a.ravel(), a.reshape(-1))

        a = np.array([[0,1],[2,3]], order='F')
        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [0,1,2,3])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [0,2,1,3])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [0,2,1,3])
        assert_(not a.ravel(order='A').flags.owndata)
        assert_(not a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
        assert_equal(a.ravel(), a.reshape(-1))
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), a.reshape(-1, order='A'))

        a = np.array([[0,1],[2,3]])[::-1,:]
        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [2,3,0,1])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), [2,3,0,1])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='F'), [2,0,3,1])
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [2,3,0,1])
        # 'K' doesn't reverse the axes of negative strides
        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [2,3,0,1])
        assert_(a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)

class TestSubscripting(TestCase):
    def test_test_zero_rank(self):
        x = array([1,2,3])
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(x[0], np.int_))
        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(x[0], int))
        self.assertTrue(type(x[0, ...]) is ndarray)


class TestPickling(TestCase):
    def test_roundtrip(self):
        import pickle
        carray = array([[2,9],[7,0],[3,8]])
        DATA = [
            carray,
            transpose(carray),
            array([('xxx', 1, 2.0)], dtype=[('a', (str,3)), ('b', int),
                                            ('c', float)])
        ]

        for a in DATA:
            assert_equal(a, pickle.loads(a.dumps()), err_msg="%r" % a)

    def _loads(self, obj):
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            return loads(obj, encoding='latin1')
        else:
            return loads(obj)

    # version 0 pickles, using protocol=2 to pickle
    # version 0 doesn't have a version field
    def test_version0_int8(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02i1K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x04\x01\x02\x03\x04tb.'
        a = array([1,2,3,4], dtype=int8)
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    def test_version0_float32(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02f4K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01<NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x10\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@tb.'
        a = array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=float32)
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    def test_version0_object(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x02\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02O8K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89]q\x06(}q\x07U\x01aK\x01s}q\x08U\x01bK\x02setb.'
        a = np.array([{'a':1}, {'b':2}])
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    # version 1 pickles, using protocol=2 to pickle
    def test_version1_int8(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02i1K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x04\x01\x02\x03\x04tb.'
        a = array([1,2,3,4], dtype=int8)
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    def test_version1_float32(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02f4K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01<NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x10\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@tb.'
        a = array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=float32)
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    def test_version1_object(self):
        s = '\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x02\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02O8K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89]q\x06(}q\x07U\x01aK\x01s}q\x08U\x01bK\x02setb.'
        a = array([{'a':1}, {'b':2}])
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)

    def test_subarray_int_shape(self):
        s = "cnumpy.core.multiarray\n_reconstruct\np0\n(cnumpy\nndarray\np1\n(I0\ntp2\nS'b'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(I1\n(I1\ntp6\ncnumpy\ndtype\np7\n(S'V6'\np8\nI0\nI1\ntp9\nRp10\n(I3\nS'|'\np11\nN(S'a'\np12\ng3\ntp13\n(dp14\ng12\n(g7\n(S'V4'\np15\nI0\nI1\ntp16\nRp17\n(I3\nS'|'\np18\n(g7\n(S'i1'\np19\nI0\nI1\ntp20\nRp21\n(I3\nS'|'\np22\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\ntp23\nb(I2\nI2\ntp24\ntp25\nNNI4\nI1\nI0\ntp26\nbI0\ntp27\nsg3\n(g7\n(S'V2'\np28\nI0\nI1\ntp29\nRp30\n(I3\nS'|'\np31\n(g21\nI2\ntp32\nNNI2\nI1\nI0\ntp33\nbI4\ntp34\nsI6\nI1\nI0\ntp35\nbI00\nS'\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x02'\np36\ntp37\nb."
        a = np.array([(1,(1,2))], dtype=[('a', 'i1', (2,2)), ('b', 'i1', 2)])
        p = self._loads(asbytes(s))
        assert_equal(a, p)


class TestFancyIndexing(TestCase):
    def test_list(self):
        x = ones((1,1))
        x[:,[0]] = 2.0
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[2.0]]))

        x = ones((1,1,1))
        x[:,:,[0]] = 2.0
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[[2.0]]]))

    def test_tuple(self):
        x = ones((1,1))
        x[:,(0,)] = 2.0
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[2.0]]))
        x = ones((1,1,1))
        x[:,:,(0,)] = 2.0
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[[2.0]]]))

    def test_mask(self):
        x = array([1,2,3,4])
        m = array([0,1],bool)
        assert_array_equal(x[m], array([2]))

    def test_mask2(self):
        x = array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])
        m = array([0,1],bool)
        m2 = array([[0,1],[1,0]], bool)
        m3 = array([[0,1]], bool)
        assert_array_equal(x[m], array([[5,6,7,8]]))
        assert_array_equal(x[m2], array([2,5]))
        assert_array_equal(x[m3], array([2]))

    def test_assign_mask(self):
        x = array([1,2,3,4])
        m = array([0,1],bool)
        x[m] = 5
        assert_array_equal(x, array([1,5,3,4]))

    def test_assign_mask(self):
        xorig = array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])
        m = array([0,1],bool)
        m2 = array([[0,1],[1,0]],bool)
        m3 = array([[0,1]], bool)
        x = xorig.copy()
        x[m] = 10
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[1,2,3,4],[10,10,10,10]]))
        x = xorig.copy()
        x[m2] = 10
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[1,10,3,4],[10,6,7,8]]))
        x = xorig.copy()
        x[m3] = 10
        assert_array_equal(x, array([[1,10,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]))


class TestStringCompare(TestCase):
    def test_string(self):
        g1 = array(["This","is","example"])
        g2 = array(["This","was","example"])
        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [g1[i] == g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [g1[i] != g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [g1[i] <= g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [g1[i] >= g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2, [g1[i] < g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2, [g1[i] > g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])

    def test_mixed(self):
        g1 = array(["spam","spa","spammer","and eggs"])
        g2 = "spam"
        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [x == g2 for x in g1])
        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [x != g2 for x in g1])
        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2, [x < g2 for x in g1])
        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2, [x > g2 for x in g1])
        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [x <= g2 for x in g1])
        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [x >= g2 for x in g1])


    def test_unicode(self):
        g1 = array([u"This",u"is",u"example"])
        g2 = array([u"This",u"was",u"example"])
        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [g1[i] == g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [g1[i] != g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [g1[i] <= g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [g1[i] >= g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2,  [g1[i] < g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])
        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2,  [g1[i] > g2[i] for i in [0,1,2]])


class TestArgmax(TestCase):

    nan_arr = [
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, np.nan], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, np.nan, 3], 3),
        ([np.nan, 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([np.nan, 0, np.nan, 2, 3], 0),
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(0,np.nan)], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(np.nan,0)], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, complex(np.nan,0), 3], 3),
        ([0, 1, 2, complex(0,np.nan), 3], 3),
        ([complex(0,np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, np.nan)], 0),

        ([complex(0, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 1),
        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(1, 1)], 2),

        ([np.datetime64('1923-04-14T12:43:12'),
          np.datetime64('1994-06-21T14:43:15'),
          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
          np.datetime64('1995-11-25T16:02:16'),
          np.datetime64('2005-01-04T03:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2041-12-03T14:05:03')], 5),
        ([np.datetime64('1935-09-14T04:40:11'),
          np.datetime64('1949-10-12T12:32:11'),
          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2015-11-20T12:20:59'),
          np.datetime64('1932-09-23T10:10:13'),
          np.datetime64('2014-10-10T03:50:30')], 3),
        ([np.datetime64('2059-03-14T12:43:12'),
          np.datetime64('1996-09-21T14:43:15'),
          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
          np.datetime64('2022-12-25T16:02:16'),
          np.datetime64('1963-10-04T03:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2013-05-08T18:15:23')], 0),

        ([timedelta(days=5, seconds=14), timedelta(days=2, seconds=35),
          timedelta(days=-1, seconds=23)], 0),
        ([timedelta(days=1, seconds=43), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
          timedelta(days=5, seconds=14)], 1),
        ([timedelta(days=10, seconds=24), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
          timedelta(days=10, seconds=43)], 2),

        # Can't reduce a "flexible type"
        #(['a', 'z', 'aa', 'zz'], 3),
        #(['zz', 'a', 'aa', 'a'], 0),
        #(['aa', 'z', 'zz', 'a'], 2),
    ]

    def test_all(self):
        a = np.random.normal(0,1,(4,5,6,7,8))
        for i in xrange(a.ndim):
            amax = a.max(i)
            aargmax = a.argmax(i)
            axes = range(a.ndim)
            axes.remove(i)
            assert_(all(amax == aargmax.choose(*a.transpose(i,*axes))))

    def test_combinations(self):
        for arr, pos in self.nan_arr:
            assert_equal(np.argmax(arr), pos, err_msg="%r"%arr)
            assert_equal(arr[np.argmax(arr)], np.max(arr), err_msg="%r"%arr)


class TestArgmin(TestCase):

    nan_arr = [
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, np.nan], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, np.nan, 3], 3),
        ([np.nan, 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([np.nan, 0, np.nan, 2, 3], 0),
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(0,np.nan)], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(np.nan,0)], 4),
        ([0, 1, 2, complex(np.nan,0), 3], 3),
        ([0, 1, 2, complex(0,np.nan), 3], 3),
        ([complex(0,np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, np.nan)], 0),

        ([complex(0, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 0),
        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 2),
        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(1, 1)], 1),

        ([np.datetime64('1923-04-14T12:43:12'),
          np.datetime64('1994-06-21T14:43:15'),
          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
          np.datetime64('1995-11-25T16:02:16'),
          np.datetime64('2005-01-04T03:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2041-12-03T14:05:03')], 0),
        ([np.datetime64('1935-09-14T04:40:11'),
          np.datetime64('1949-10-12T12:32:11'),
          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2014-11-20T12:20:59'),
          np.datetime64('2015-09-23T10:10:13'),
          np.datetime64('1932-10-10T03:50:30')], 5),
        ([np.datetime64('2059-03-14T12:43:12'),
          np.datetime64('1996-09-21T14:43:15'),
          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
          np.datetime64('2022-12-25T16:02:16'),
          np.datetime64('1963-10-04T03:14:12'),
          np.datetime64('2013-05-08T18:15:23')], 4),

        ([timedelta(days=5, seconds=14), timedelta(days=2, seconds=35),
          timedelta(days=-1, seconds=23)], 2),
        ([timedelta(days=1, seconds=43), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
          timedelta(days=5, seconds=14)], 0),
        ([timedelta(days=10, seconds=24), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
          timedelta(days=10, seconds=43)], 1),

        # Can't reduce a "flexible type"
        #(['a', 'z', 'aa', 'zz'], 0),
        #(['zz', 'a', 'aa', 'a'], 1),
        #(['aa', 'z', 'zz', 'a'], 3),
    ]

    def test_all(self):
        a = np.random.normal(0,1,(4,5,6,7,8))
        for i in xrange(a.ndim):
            amin = a.min(i)
            aargmin = a.argmin(i)
            axes = range(a.ndim)
            axes.remove(i)
            assert_(all(amin == aargmin.choose(*a.transpose(i,*axes))))

    def test_combinations(self):
        for arr, pos in self.nan_arr:
            assert_equal(np.argmin(arr), pos, err_msg="%r"%arr)
            assert_equal(arr[np.argmin(arr)], np.min(arr), err_msg="%r"%arr)

    def test_minimum_signed_integers(self):

        a = np.array([1, -2**7, -2**7 + 1], dtype=np.int8)
        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)

        a = np.array([1, -2**15, -2**15 + 1], dtype=np.int16)
        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)

        a = np.array([1, -2**31, -2**31 + 1], dtype=np.int32)
        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)

        a = np.array([1, -2**63, -2**63 + 1], dtype=np.int64)
        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)


class TestMinMax(TestCase):
    def test_scalar(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.amax, 1, 1)
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.amin, 1, 1)

        assert_equal(np.amax(1, axis=0), 1)
        assert_equal(np.amin(1, axis=0), 1)
        assert_equal(np.amax(1, axis=None), 1)
        assert_equal(np.amin(1, axis=None), 1)

    def test_axis(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.amax, [1,2,3], 1000)
        assert_equal(np.amax([[1,2,3]], axis=1), 3)

class TestNewaxis(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        sk = array([0,-0.1,0.1])
        res = 250*sk[:,newaxis]
        assert_almost_equal(res.ravel(),250*sk)


class TestClip(TestCase):
    def _check_range(self,x,cmin,cmax):
        assert_(np.all(x >= cmin))
        assert_(np.all(x <= cmax))

    def _clip_type(self,type_group,array_max,
                   clip_min,clip_max,inplace=False,
                   expected_min=None,expected_max=None):
        if expected_min is None:
            expected_min = clip_min
        if expected_max is None:
            expected_max = clip_max

        for T in np.sctypes[type_group]:
            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
                byte_orders = ['=','>']
            else:
                byte_orders = ['<','=']

            for byteorder in byte_orders:
                dtype = np.dtype(T).newbyteorder(byteorder)

                x = (np.random.random(1000) * array_max).astype(dtype)
                if inplace:
                    x.clip(clip_min,clip_max,x)
                else:
                    x = x.clip(clip_min,clip_max)
                    byteorder = '='

                if x.dtype.byteorder == '|': byteorder = '|'
                assert_equal(x.dtype.byteorder,byteorder)
                self._check_range(x,expected_min,expected_max)
        return x

    def test_basic(self):
        for inplace in [False, True]:
            self._clip_type('float',1024,-12.8,100.2, inplace=inplace)
            self._clip_type('float',1024,0,0, inplace=inplace)

            self._clip_type('int',1024,-120,100.5, inplace=inplace)
            self._clip_type('int',1024,0,0, inplace=inplace)

            x = self._clip_type('uint',1024,-120,100,expected_min=0,
                    inplace=inplace)
            x = self._clip_type('uint',1024,0,0, inplace=inplace)

    def test_record_array(self):
        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
                      dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
        y = rec['x'].clip(-0.3,0.5)
        self._check_range(y,-0.3,0.5)

    def test_max_or_min(self):
        val = np.array([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
        x = val.clip(3)
        assert_(np.all(x >= 3))
        x = val.clip(min=3)
        assert_(np.all(x >= 3))
        x = val.clip(max=4)
        assert_(np.all(x <= 4))


class TestPutmask(object):
    def tst_basic(self, x, T, mask, val):
        np.putmask(x, mask, val)
        assert_(np.all(x[mask] == T(val)))
        assert_(x.dtype == T)

    def test_ip_types(self):
        unchecked_types = [str, unicode, np.void, object]

        x = np.random.random(1000)*100
        mask = x < 40

        for val in [-100,0,15]:
            for types in np.sctypes.itervalues():
                for T in types:
                    if T not in unchecked_types:
                        yield self.tst_basic,x.copy().astype(T),T,mask,val

    def test_mask_size(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, np.putmask, np.array([1,2,3]), [True], 5)

    def tst_byteorder(self,dtype):
        x = np.array([1,2,3],dtype)
        np.putmask(x,[True,False,True],-1)
        assert_array_equal(x,[-1,2,-1])

    def test_ip_byteorder(self):
        for dtype in ('>i4','<i4'):
            yield self.tst_byteorder,dtype

    def test_record_array(self):
        # Note mixed byteorder.
        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
                      dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '>f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
        np.putmask(rec['x'],[True,False],10)
        assert_array_equal(rec['x'],[10,5])
        assert_array_equal(rec['y'],[2,4])
        assert_array_equal(rec['z'],[3,3])
        np.putmask(rec['y'],[True,False],11)
        assert_array_equal(rec['x'],[10,5])
        assert_array_equal(rec['y'],[11,4])
        assert_array_equal(rec['z'],[3,3])

    def test_masked_array(self):
        ## x = np.array([1,2,3])
        ## z = np.ma.array(x,mask=[True,False,False])
        ## np.putmask(z,[True,True,True],3)
        pass


class TestTake(object):
    def tst_basic(self,x):
        ind = range(x.shape[0])
        assert_array_equal(x.take(ind, axis=0), x)

    def test_ip_types(self):
        unchecked_types = [str, unicode, np.void, object]

        x = np.random.random(24)*100
        x.shape = 2,3,4
        for types in np.sctypes.itervalues():
            for T in types:
                if T not in unchecked_types:
                    yield self.tst_basic,x.copy().astype(T)

    def test_raise(self):
        x = np.random.random(24)*100
        x.shape = 2,3,4
        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [0,1,2], axis=0)
        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [-3], axis=0)
        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0)[0], x[1])

    def test_clip(self):
        x = np.random.random(24)*100
        x.shape = 2,3,4
        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0, mode='clip')[0], x[0])
        assert_array_equal(x.take([2], axis=0, mode='clip')[0], x[1])

    def test_wrap(self):
        x = np.random.random(24)*100
        x.shape = 2,3,4
        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[1])
        assert_array_equal(x.take([2], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[0])
        assert_array_equal(x.take([3], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[1])

    def tst_byteorder(self,dtype):
        x = np.array([1,2,3],dtype)
        assert_array_equal(x.take([0,2,1]),[1,3,2])

    def test_ip_byteorder(self):
        for dtype in ('>i4','<i4'):
            yield self.tst_byteorder,dtype

    def test_record_array(self):
        # Note mixed byteorder.
        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
                      dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '>f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
        rec1 = rec.take([1])
        assert_(rec1['x'] == 5.0 and rec1['y'] == 4.0)


class TestLexsort(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        a = [1,2,1,3,1,5]
        b = [0,4,5,6,2,3]
        idx = np.lexsort((b,a))
        expected_idx = np.array([0,4,2,1,3,5])
        assert_array_equal(idx,expected_idx)

        x = np.vstack((b,a))
        idx = np.lexsort(x)
        assert_array_equal(idx,expected_idx)

        assert_array_equal(x[1][idx],np.sort(x[1]))


class TestIO(object):
    """Test tofile, fromfile, tostring, and fromstring"""

    def setUp(self):
        shape = (2,4,3)
        rand = np.random.random
        self.x = rand(shape) + rand(shape).astype(np.complex)*1j
        self.x[0,:,1] = [nan, inf, -inf, nan]
        self.dtype = self.x.dtype
        self.filename = tempfile.mktemp()

    def tearDown(self):
        if os.path.isfile(self.filename):
            os.unlink(self.filename)
            #tmp_file.close()

    def test_bool_fromstring(self):
        v = np.array([True,False,True,False], dtype=np.bool_)
        y = np.fromstring('1 0 -2.3 0.0', sep=' ', dtype=np.bool_)
        assert_array_equal(v, y)

    def test_empty_files_binary(self):
        f = open(self.filename, 'w')
        f.close()
        y = fromfile(self.filename)
        assert_(y.size == 0, "Array not empty")

    def test_empty_files_text(self):
        f = open(self.filename, 'w')
        f.close()
        y = fromfile(self.filename, sep=" ")
        assert_(y.size == 0, "Array not empty")

    def test_roundtrip_file(self):
        f = open(self.filename, 'wb')
        self.x.tofile(f)
        f.close()
        # NB. doesn't work with flush+seek, due to use of C stdio
        f = open(self.filename, 'rb')
        y = np.fromfile(f, dtype=self.dtype)
        f.close()
        assert_array_equal(y, self.x.flat)
        os.unlink(self.filename)

    def test_roundtrip_filename(self):
        self.x.tofile(self.filename)
        y = np.fromfile(self.filename, dtype=self.dtype)
        assert_array_equal(y, self.x.flat)

    def test_roundtrip_binary_str(self):
        s = self.x.tostring()
        y = np.fromstring(s, dtype=self.dtype)
        assert_array_equal(y, self.x.flat)

        s = self.x.tostring('F')
        y = np.fromstring(s, dtype=self.dtype)
        assert_array_equal(y, self.x.flatten('F'))

    def test_roundtrip_str(self):
        x = self.x.real.ravel()
        s = "@".join(map(str, x))
        y = np.fromstring(s, sep="@")
        # NB. str imbues less precision
        nan_mask = ~np.isfinite(x)
        assert_array_equal(x[nan_mask], y[nan_mask])
        assert_array_almost_equal(x[~nan_mask], y[~nan_mask], decimal=5)

    def test_roundtrip_repr(self):
        x = self.x.real.ravel()
        s = "@".join(map(repr, x))
        y = np.fromstring(s, sep="@")
        assert_array_equal(x, y)

    def _check_from(self, s, value, **kw):
        y = np.fromstring(asbytes(s), **kw)
        assert_array_equal(y, value)

        f = open(self.filename, 'wb')
        f.write(asbytes(s))
        f.close()
        y = np.fromfile(self.filename, **kw)
        assert_array_equal(y, value)

    def test_nan(self):
        self._check_from("nan +nan -nan NaN nan(foo) +NaN(BAR) -NAN(q_u_u_x_)",
                         [nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan],
                         sep=' ')

    def test_inf(self):
        self._check_from("inf +inf -inf infinity -Infinity iNfInItY -inF",
                         [inf, inf, -inf, inf, -inf, inf, -inf], sep=' ')

    def test_numbers(self):
        self._check_from("1.234 -1.234 .3 .3e55 -123133.1231e+133",
                         [1.234, -1.234, .3, .3e55, -123133.1231e+133], sep=' ')

    def test_binary(self):
        self._check_from('\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@',
                         array([1,2,3,4]),
                         dtype='<f4')

    @dec.slow # takes > 1 minute on mechanical hard drive
    def test_big_binary(self):
        """Test workarounds for 32-bit limited fwrite, fseek, and ftell
        calls in windows. These normally would hang doing something like this.
        See http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/ticket/1660"""
        if sys.platform != 'win32':
            return
        try:
            # before workarounds, only up to 2**32-1 worked
            fourgbplus = 2**32 + 2**16
            testbytes = np.arange(8, dtype=np.int8)
            n = len(testbytes)
            flike = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
            f = flike.file
            np.tile(testbytes, fourgbplus // testbytes.nbytes).tofile(f)
            flike.seek(0)
            a = np.fromfile(f, dtype=np.int8)
            flike.close()
            assert_(len(a) == fourgbplus)
            # check only start and end for speed:
            assert_((a[:n] == testbytes).all())
            assert_((a[-n:] == testbytes).all())
        except (MemoryError, ValueError):
            pass

    def test_string(self):
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], sep=',')

    def test_counted_string(self):
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], count=4, sep=',')
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3.], count=3, sep=',')
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], count=-1, sep=',')

    def test_string_with_ws(self):
        self._check_from('1 2  3     4   ', [1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int, sep=' ')

    def test_counted_string_with_ws(self):
        self._check_from('1 2  3     4   ', [1,2,3], count=3, dtype=int,
                         sep=' ')

    def test_ascii(self):
        self._check_from('1 , 2 , 3 , 4', [1.,2.,3.,4.], sep=',')
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', [1.,2.,3.,4.], dtype=float, sep=',')

    def test_malformed(self):
        self._check_from('1.234 1,234', [1.234, 1.], sep=' ')

    def test_long_sep(self):
        self._check_from('1_x_3_x_4_x_5', [1,3,4,5], sep='_x_')

    def test_dtype(self):
        v = np.array([1,2,3,4], dtype=np.int_)
        self._check_from('1,2,3,4', v, sep=',', dtype=np.int_)

    def test_dtype_bool(self):
        # can't use _check_from because fromstring can't handle True/False
        v = np.array([True, False, True, False], dtype=np.bool_)
        s = '1,0,-2.3,0'
        f = open(self.filename, 'wb')
        f.write(asbytes(s))
        f.close()
        y = np.fromfile(self.filename, sep=',', dtype=np.bool_)
        assert_(y.dtype == '?')
        assert_array_equal(y, v)

    def test_tofile_sep(self):
        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
        f = open(self.filename, 'w')
        x.tofile(f, sep=',')
        f.close()
        f = open(self.filename, 'r')
        s = f.read()
        f.close()
        assert_equal(s, '1.51,2.0,3.51,4.0')
        os.unlink(self.filename)

    def test_tofile_format(self):
        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
        f = open(self.filename, 'w')
        x.tofile(f, sep=',', format='%.2f')
        f.close()
        f = open(self.filename, 'r')
        s = f.read()
        f.close()
        assert_equal(s, '1.51,2.00,3.51,4.00')

    def test_locale(self):
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_numbers)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_nan)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_inf)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_counted_string)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_ascii)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_malformed)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_tofile_sep)()
        in_foreign_locale(self.test_tofile_format)()


class TestFromBuffer(object):
    def tst_basic(self,buffer,expected,kwargs):
        assert_array_equal(np.frombuffer(buffer,**kwargs),expected)

    def test_ip_basic(self):
        for byteorder in ['<','>']:
            for dtype in [float,int,np.complex]:
                dt = np.dtype(dtype).newbyteorder(byteorder)
                x = (np.random.random((4,7))*5).astype(dt)
                buf = x.tostring()
                yield self.tst_basic, buf, x.flat, {'dtype':dt}

    def test_empty(self):
        yield self.tst_basic, asbytes(''), np.array([]), {}


class TestFlat(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        a0 = arange(20.0)
        a = a0.reshape(4,5)
        a0.shape = (4,5)
        a.flags.writeable = False
        self.a = a
        self.b = a[::2,::2]
        self.a0 = a0
        self.b0 = a0[::2,::2]

    def test_contiguous(self):
        testpassed = False
        try:
            self.a.flat[12] = 100.0
        except ValueError:
            testpassed = True
        assert testpassed
        assert self.a.flat[12] == 12.0

    def test_discontiguous(self):
        testpassed = False
        try:
            self.b.flat[4] = 100.0
        except ValueError:
            testpassed = True
        assert testpassed
        assert self.b.flat[4] == 12.0

    def test___array__(self):
        c = self.a.flat.__array__()
        d = self.b.flat.__array__()
        e = self.a0.flat.__array__()
        f = self.b0.flat.__array__()

        assert c.flags.writeable is False
        assert d.flags.writeable is False
        assert e.flags.writeable is True
        assert f.flags.writeable is True

        assert c.flags.updateifcopy is False
        assert d.flags.updateifcopy is False
        assert e.flags.updateifcopy is False
        assert f.flags.updateifcopy is True
        assert f.base is self.b0

class TestResize(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        x.resize((5,5))
        assert_array_equal(x.flat[:9],
                np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]).flat)
        assert_array_equal(x[9:].flat,0)

    def test_check_reference(self):
        x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        y = x
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,x.resize,(5,1))

    def test_int_shape(self):
        x = np.eye(3)
        x.resize(3)
        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3)[0,:])

    def test_none_shape(self):
        x = np.eye(3)
        x.resize(None)
        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3))
        x.resize()
        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3))

    def test_invalid_arguements(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, 'hi')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, np.eye(3).resize, -1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, order=1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, refcheck='hi')

    def test_freeform_shape(self):
        x = np.eye(3)
        x.resize(3,2,1)
        assert_(x.shape == (3,2,1))

    def test_zeros_appended(self):
        x = np.eye(3)
        x.resize(2,3,3)
        assert_array_equal(x[0], np.eye(3))
        assert_array_equal(x[1], np.zeros((3,3)))


class TestRecord(TestCase):
    def test_field_rename(self):
        dt = np.dtype([('f',float),('i',int)])
        dt.names = ['p','q']
        assert_equal(dt.names,['p','q'])

    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
        def test_bytes_fields(self):
            # Bytes are not allowed in field names and not recognized in titles
            # on Py3
            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(asbytes('a'), int)])
            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(('b', asbytes('a')), int)])

            dt = np.dtype([((asbytes('a'), 'b'), int)])
            assert_raises(ValueError, dt.__getitem__, asbytes('a'))

            x = np.array([(1,), (2,), (3,)], dtype=dt)
            assert_raises(ValueError, x.__getitem__, asbytes('a'))

            y = x[0]
            assert_raises(IndexError, y.__getitem__, asbytes('a'))
    else:
        def test_unicode_field_titles(self):
            # Unicode field titles are added to field dict on Py2
            title = unicode('b')
            dt = np.dtype([((title, 'a'), int)])
            dt[title]
            dt['a']
            x = np.array([(1,), (2,), (3,)], dtype=dt)
            x[title]
            x['a']
            y = x[0]
            y[title]
            y['a']

        def test_unicode_field_names(self):
            # Unicode field names are not allowed on Py2
            title = unicode('b')
            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(title, int)])
            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(('a', title), int)])

    def test_field_names(self):
        # Test unicode and 8-bit / byte strings can be used
        a = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'i4'),
                                  ('f2', 'i4'),
                                  ('f3', [('sf1', 'i4')])])
        is_py3 = sys.version_info[0] >= 3
        if is_py3:
            funcs = (str,)
            # byte string indexing fails gracefully
            assert_raises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, asbytes('f1'), 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, a.__getitem__, asbytes('f1'))
            assert_raises(ValueError, a['f1'].__setitem__, asbytes('sf1'), 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, a['f1'].__getitem__, asbytes('sf1'))
        else:
            funcs = (str, unicode)
        for func in funcs:
            b = a.copy()
            fn1 = func('f1')
            b[fn1] = 1
            assert_equal(b[fn1], 1)
            fnn = func('not at all')
            assert_raises(ValueError, b.__setitem__, fnn, 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, b.__getitem__, fnn)
            b[0][fn1] = 2
            assert_equal(b[fn1], 2)
            # Subfield
            assert_raises(IndexError, b[0].__setitem__, fnn, 1)
            assert_raises(IndexError, b[0].__getitem__, fnn)
            # Subfield
            fn3 = func('f3')
            sfn1 = func('sf1')
            b[fn3][sfn1] = 1
            assert_equal(b[fn3][sfn1], 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, b[fn3].__setitem__, fnn, 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, b[fn3].__getitem__, fnn)
            # multiple Subfields
            fn2 = func('f2')
            b[fn2] = 3
            assert_equal(b[['f1','f2']][0].tolist(), (2, 3))
            assert_equal(b[['f2','f1']][0].tolist(), (3, 2))
            assert_equal(b[['f1','f3']][0].tolist(), (2, (1,)))
            # view of subfield view/copy
            assert_equal(b[['f1','f2']][0].view(('i4',2)).tolist(), (2, 3))
            assert_equal(b[['f2','f1']][0].view(('i4',2)).tolist(), (3, 2))
            view_dtype=[('f1', 'i4'),('f3', [('', 'i4')])]
            assert_equal(b[['f1','f3']][0].view(view_dtype).tolist(), (2, (1,)))
        # non-ascii unicode field indexing is well behaved
        if not is_py3:
            raise SkipTest('non ascii unicode field indexing skipped; '
                           'raises segfault on python 2.x')
        else:
            assert_raises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, u'\u03e0', 1)
            assert_raises(ValueError, a.__getitem__, u'\u03e0')

    def test_field_names_deprecation(self):
        import warnings
        from numpy.testing.utils import WarningManager
        def collect_warning_types(f, *args, **kwargs):
            ctx = WarningManager(record=True)
            warning_log = ctx.__enter__()
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            try:
                f(*args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                ctx.__exit__()
            return [w.category for w in warning_log]
        a = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'i4'),
                                  ('f2', 'i4'),
                                  ('f3', [('sf1', 'i4')])])
        a['f1'][0] = 1
        a['f2'][0] = 2
        a['f3'][0] = (3,)
        b = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'i4'),
                                  ('f2', 'i4'),
                                  ('f3', [('sf1', 'i4')])])
        b['f1'][0] = 1
        b['f2'][0] = 2
        b['f3'][0] = (3,)

        # All the different functions raise a warning, but not an error, and
        # 'a' is not modified:
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(a[['f1','f2']].__setitem__, 0, (10,20)),
                     [FutureWarning])
        assert_equal(a, b)
        # Views also warn
        subset = a[['f1','f2']]
        subset_view = subset.view()
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(subset_view['f1'].__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [FutureWarning])
        # But the write goes through:
        assert_equal(subset['f1'][0], 10)
        # Only one warning per multiple field indexing, though (even if there are
        # multiple views involved):
        assert_equal(collect_warning_types(subset['f1'].__setitem__, 0, 10),
                     [])

class TestView(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        x = np.array([(1,2,3,4),(5,6,7,8)],dtype=[('r',np.int8),('g',np.int8),
                                                  ('b',np.int8),('a',np.int8)])
        # We must be specific about the endianness here:
        y = x.view(dtype='<i4')
        # ... and again without the keyword.
        z = x.view('<i4')
        assert_array_equal(y, z)
        assert_array_equal(y, [67305985, 134678021])

class TestStats(TestCase):
    def test_subclass(self):
        class TestArray(np.ndarray):
            def __new__(cls, data, info):
                result = np.array(data)
                result = result.view(cls)
                result.info = info
                return result
            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
                self.info = getattr(obj, "info", '')
        dat = TestArray([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]], 'jubba')
        res = dat.mean(1)
        assert_(res.info == dat.info)
        res = dat.std(1)
        assert_(res.info == dat.info)
        res = dat.var(1)
        assert_(res.info == dat.info)

class TestDot(TestCase):
    def test_dot_2args(self):
        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot

        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=float)
        b = np.array([[1, 0], [1, 1]], dtype=float)
        c = np.array([[3, 2], [7, 4]], dtype=float)

        d = dot(a, b)
        assert_allclose(c, d)

    def test_dot_3args(self):
        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot

        np.random.seed(22)
        f = np.random.random_sample((1024, 16))
        v = np.random.random_sample((16, 32))

        r = np.empty((1024, 32))
        for i in xrange(12):
            dot(f,v,r)
        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(r), 2)
        r2 = dot(f,v,out=None)
        assert_array_equal(r2, r)
        assert_(r is dot(f,v,out=r))

        v = v[:,0].copy() # v.shape == (16,)
        r = r[:,0].copy() # r.shape == (1024,)
        r2 = dot(f,v)
        assert_(r is dot(f,v,r))
        assert_array_equal(r2, r)

    def test_dot_3args_errors(self):
        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot

        np.random.seed(22)
        f = np.random.random_sample((1024, 16))
        v = np.random.random_sample((16, 32))

        r = np.empty((1024, 31))
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)

        r = np.empty((1024,))
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)

        r = np.empty((32,))
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)

        r = np.empty((32, 1024))
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r.T)

        r = np.empty((1024, 64))
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r[:,::2])
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r[:,:32])

        r = np.empty((1024, 32), dtype=np.float32)
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)

        r = np.empty((1024, 32), dtype=int)
        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)


class TestSummarization(TestCase):
    def test_1d(self):
        A = np.arange(1001)
        strA = '[   0    1    2 ...,  998  999 1000]'
        assert_(str(A) == strA)

        reprA = 'array([   0,    1,    2, ...,  998,  999, 1000])'
        assert_(repr(A) == reprA)

    def test_2d(self):
        A = np.arange(1002).reshape(2,501)
        strA = '[[   0    1    2 ...,  498  499  500]\n' \
               ' [ 501  502  503 ...,  999 1000 1001]]'
        assert_(str(A) == strA)

        reprA = 'array([[   0,    1,    2, ...,  498,  499,  500],\n' \
                '       [ 501,  502,  503, ...,  999, 1000, 1001]])'
        assert_(repr(A) == reprA)


class TestChoose(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.x = 2*ones((3,),dtype=int)
        self.y = 3*ones((3,),dtype=int)
        self.x2 = 2*ones((2,3), dtype=int)
        self.y2 = 3*ones((2,3), dtype=int)
        self.ind = [0,0,1]

    def test_basic(self):
        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x, self.y))
        assert_equal(A, [2,2,3])

    def test_broadcast1(self):
        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x2, self.y2))
        assert_equal(A, [[2,2,3],[2,2,3]])

    def test_broadcast2(self):
        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x, self.y2))
        assert_equal(A, [[2,2,3],[2,2,3]])

def can_use_decimal():
    try:
        from decimal import Decimal
        return True
    except ImportError:
        return False

# TODO: test for multidimensional
NEIGH_MODE = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'constant': 2, 'circular': 3, 'mirror': 4}
class TestNeighborhoodIter(TestCase):
    # Simple, 2d tests
    def _test_simple2d(self, dt):
        # Test zero and one padding for simple data type
        x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 1, 0], [2, 3, 0]], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0],
                NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        r = [np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[1, 0, 1], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [2, 3, 1]], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0],
                NEIGH_MODE['one'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        r = [np.array([[4, 4, 4], [4, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[4, 4, 4], [0, 1, 4]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[4, 0, 1], [4, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 1, 4], [2, 3, 4]], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], 4,
                NEIGH_MODE['constant'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    def test_simple2d(self):
        self._test_simple2d(np.float)

    @dec.skipif(not can_use_decimal(),
            "Skip neighborhood iterator tests for decimal objects " \
            "(decimal module not available")
    def test_simple2d_object(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        self._test_simple2d(Decimal)

    def _test_mirror2d(self, dt):
        x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([[0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 0, 1], [2, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [2, 3, 3]], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0],
                NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    def test_mirror2d(self):
        self._test_mirror2d(np.float)

    @dec.skipif(not can_use_decimal(),
            "Skip neighborhood iterator tests for decimal objects " \
            "(decimal module not available")
    def test_mirror2d_object(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        self._test_mirror2d(Decimal)

    # Simple, 1d tests
    def _test_simple(self, dt):
        # Test padding with constant values
        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
        r = [[0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, 0]]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        r = [[1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, 1]]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['one'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        r = [[x[4], 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, x[4]]]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-1, 1], x[4], NEIGH_MODE['constant'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    def test_simple_float(self):
        self._test_simple(np.float)

    @dec.skipif(not can_use_decimal(),
            "Skip neighborhood iterator tests for decimal objects " \
            "(decimal module not available")
    def test_simple_object(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        self._test_simple(Decimal)

    # Test mirror modes
    def _test_mirror(self, dt):
        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
        r = np.array([[2, 1, 1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
                [2, 3, 4, 5, 5], [3, 4, 5, 5, 4]], dtype=dt)
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-2, 2], x[1], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        self.assertTrue([i.dtype == dt for i in l])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    def test_mirror(self):
        self._test_mirror(np.float)

    @dec.skipif(not can_use_decimal(),
            "Skip neighborhood iterator tests for decimal objects " \
            "(decimal module not available")
    def test_mirror_object(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        self._test_mirror(Decimal)

    # Circular mode
    def _test_circular(self, dt):
        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
        r = np.array([[4, 5, 1, 2, 3], [5, 1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
                [2, 3, 4, 5, 1], [3, 4, 5, 1, 2]], dtype=dt)
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator(x, [-2, 2], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    def test_circular(self):
        self._test_circular(np.float)

    @dec.skipif(not can_use_decimal(),
            "Skip neighborhood iterator tests for decimal objects " \
            "(decimal module not available")
    def test_circular_object(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        self._test_circular(Decimal)

# Test stacking neighborhood iterators
class TestStackedNeighborhoodIter(TestCase):
    # Simple, 1d test: stacking 2 constant-padded neigh iterators
    def test_simple_const(self):
        dt = np.float64
        # Test zero and one padding for simple data type
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-2, 4], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [0, 0], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        r = [np.array([1, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['one'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    # 2nd simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, mixing const padding and
    # mirror padding
    def test_simple_mirror(self):
        dt = np.float64
        # Stacking zero on top of mirror
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'],
                [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([1, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-2, 0], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 2nd
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 3], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [0, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 3rd
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([1, 0, 0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0, 0, 3], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-2, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    # 3rd simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, mixing const padding and
    # circular padding
    def test_simple_circular(self):
        dt = np.float64
        # Stacking zero on top of mirror
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([0, 3, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 1, 0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['circular'],
                [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-2, 0], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 2nd
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [0, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 3rd
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([3, 0, 0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
             np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([1, 2, 3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
             np.array([2, 3, 0, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-2, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

    # 4th simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, but with lower iterator
    # being strictly within the array
    def test_simple_strict_within(self):
        dt = np.float64
        # Stacking zero on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
        # array
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
        # array
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 3], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

        # Stacking mirror on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
        # array
        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 1], dtype=dt)]
        l = test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'],
                [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
        assert_array_equal(l, r)

class TestWarnings(object):
    def test_complex_warning(self):
        x = np.array([1,2])
        y = np.array([1-2j,1+2j])

        warn_ctx = WarningManager()
        warn_ctx.__enter__()
        try:
            warnings.simplefilter("error", np.ComplexWarning)
            assert_raises(np.ComplexWarning, x.__setitem__, slice(None), y)
            assert_equal(x, [1,2])
        finally:
            warn_ctx.__exit__()

class TestMinScalarType(object):
    def test_usigned_shortshort(self):
        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**8-1)
        wanted = np.dtype('uint8')
        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
    def test_usigned_short(self):
        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**16-1)
        wanted = np.dtype('uint16')
        assert_equal(wanted, dt)    
    def test_usigned_int(self):
        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**32-1)
        wanted = np.dtype('uint32')
        assert_equal(wanted, dt)    
    def test_usigned_longlong(self):
        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**63-1)
        wanted = np.dtype('uint64')
        assert_equal(wanted, dt)    
    def test_object(self):
        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**64)
        wanted = np.dtype('O')
        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
        

if sys.version_info >= (2, 6):

    if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
        from numpy.core.multiarray import memorysimpleview as memoryview

    from numpy.core._internal import _dtype_from_pep3118

    class TestPEP3118Dtype(object):
        def _check(self, spec, wanted):
            dt = np.dtype(wanted)
            if isinstance(wanted, list) and isinstance(wanted[-1], tuple):
                if wanted[-1][0] == '':
                    names = list(dt.names)
                    names[-1] = ''
                    dt.names = tuple(names)
            assert_equal(_dtype_from_pep3118(spec), dt,
                         err_msg="spec %r != dtype %r" % (spec, wanted))

        def test_native_padding(self):
            align = np.dtype('i').alignment
            for j in xrange(8):
                if j == 0:
                    s = 'bi'
                else:
                    s = 'b%dxi' % j
                self._check('@'+s, {'f0': ('i1', 0),
                                    'f1': ('i', align*(1 + j//align))})
                self._check('='+s, {'f0': ('i1', 0),
                                    'f1': ('i', 1+j)})

        def test_native_padding_2(self):
            # Native padding should work also for structs and sub-arrays
            self._check('x3T{xi}', {'f0': (({'f0': ('i', 4)}, (3,)), 4)})
            self._check('^x3T{xi}', {'f0': (({'f0': ('i', 1)}, (3,)), 1)})

        def test_trailing_padding(self):
            # Trailing padding should be included, *and*, the item size
            # should match the alignment if in aligned mode
            align = np.dtype('i').alignment
            def VV(n):
                return 'V%d' % (align*(1 + (n-1)//align))

            self._check('ix', [('f0', 'i'), ('', VV(1))])
            self._check('ixx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', VV(2))])
            self._check('ixxx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', VV(3))])
            self._check('ixxxx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', VV(4))])
            self._check('i7x', [('f0', 'i'), ('', VV(7))])

            self._check('^ix', [('f0', 'i'), ('', 'V1')])
            self._check('^ixx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', 'V2')])
            self._check('^ixxx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', 'V3')])
            self._check('^ixxxx', [('f0', 'i'), ('', 'V4')])
            self._check('^i7x', [('f0', 'i'), ('', 'V7')])

        def test_native_padding_3(self):
            dt = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'),
                        ('sub', np.dtype('b,i')), ('c', 'i')],
                    align=True)
            self._check("T{b:a:xxxi:b:T{b:f0:=i:f1:}:sub:xxxi:c:}", dt)

            dt = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b'), ('d', 'b'),
                        ('e', 'b'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i', align=True))])
            self._check("T{b:a:=i:b:b:c:b:d:b:e:T{b:f0:xxxi:f1:}:sub:}", dt)

        def test_padding_with_array_inside_struct(self):
            dt = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b', (3,)),
                        ('d', 'i')],
                    align=True)
            self._check("T{b:a:xxxi:b:3b:c:xi:d:}", dt)

        def test_byteorder_inside_struct(self):
            # The byte order after @T{=i} should be '=', not '@'.
            # Check this by noting the absence of native alignment.
            self._check('@T{^i}xi', {'f0': ({'f0': ('i', 0)}, 0),
                                     'f1': ('i', 5)})

        def test_intra_padding(self):
            # Natively aligned sub-arrays may require some internal padding
            align = np.dtype('i').alignment
            def VV(n):
                return 'V%d' % (align*(1 + (n-1)//align))

            self._check('(3)T{ix}', ({'f0': ('i', 0), '': (VV(1), 4)}, (3,)))

    class TestNewBufferProtocol(object):
        def _check_roundtrip(self, obj):
            obj = np.asarray(obj)
            x = memoryview(obj)
            y = np.asarray(x)
            y2 = np.array(x)
            assert_(not y.flags.owndata)
            assert_(y2.flags.owndata)
            assert_equal(y.dtype, obj.dtype)
            assert_array_equal(obj, y)
            assert_equal(y2.dtype, obj.dtype)
            assert_array_equal(obj, y2)

        def test_roundtrip(self):
            x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5], dtype='i4')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.zeros((3,3,3), dtype=np.float32)[:,0,:]
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            dt = [('a', 'b'),
                  ('b', 'h'),
                  ('c', 'i'),
                  ('d', 'l'),
                  ('dx', 'q'),
                  ('e', 'B'),
                  ('f', 'H'),
                  ('g', 'I'),
                  ('h', 'L'),
                  ('hx', 'Q'),
                  ('i', np.single),
                  ('j', np.double),
                  ('k', np.longdouble),
                  ('ix', np.csingle),
                  ('jx', np.cdouble),
                  ('kx', np.clongdouble),
                  ('l', 'S4'),
                  ('m', 'U4'),
                  ('n', 'V3'),
                  ('o', '?'),
                  ('p', np.half),
                 ]
            x = np.array(
                    [(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                        asbytes('aaaa'), 'bbbb', asbytes('xxx'), True, 1.0)],
                    dtype=dt)
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array(([[1,2],[3,4]],), dtype=[('a', (int, (2,2)))])
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='>i2')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='<i2')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='>i4')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='<i4')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

            # Native-only data types can be passed through the buffer interface
            # only in native byte order
            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
                x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='>q')
                assert_raises(ValueError, self._check_roundtrip, x)
                x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='<q')
                self._check_roundtrip(x)
            else:
                x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='>q')
                self._check_roundtrip(x)
                x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='<q')
                assert_raises(ValueError, self._check_roundtrip, x)

        def test_roundtrip_half(self):
            half_list = [
                1.0,
                -2.0,
                6.5504 * 10**4, #  (max half precision)
                2**-14, # ~= 6.10352 * 10**-5 (minimum positive normal)
                2**-24, # ~= 5.96046 * 10**-8 (minimum strictly positive subnormal)
                0.0,
                -0.0,
                float('+inf'),
                float('-inf'),
                0.333251953125, # ~= 1/3
            ]

            x = np.array(half_list, dtype='>e')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)
            x = np.array(half_list, dtype='<e')
            self._check_roundtrip(x)

        def test_export_simple_1d(self):
            x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5], dtype='i')
            y = memoryview(x)
            assert_equal(y.format, 'i')
            assert_equal(y.shape, (5,))
            assert_equal(y.ndim, 1)
            assert_equal(y.strides, (4,))
            assert_equal(y.suboffsets, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.itemsize, 4)

        def test_export_simple_nd(self):
            x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
            y = memoryview(x)
            assert_equal(y.format, 'd')
            assert_equal(y.shape, (2, 2))
            assert_equal(y.ndim, 2)
            assert_equal(y.strides, (16, 8))
            assert_equal(y.suboffsets, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.itemsize, 8)

        def test_export_discontiguous(self):
            x = np.zeros((3,3,3), dtype=np.float32)[:,0,:]
            y = memoryview(x)
            assert_equal(y.format, 'f')
            assert_equal(y.shape, (3, 3))
            assert_equal(y.ndim, 2)
            assert_equal(y.strides, (36, 4))
            assert_equal(y.suboffsets, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.itemsize, 4)

        def test_export_record(self):
            dt = [('a', 'b'),
                  ('b', 'h'),
                  ('c', 'i'),
                  ('d', 'l'),
                  ('dx', 'q'),
                  ('e', 'B'),
                  ('f', 'H'),
                  ('g', 'I'),
                  ('h', 'L'),
                  ('hx', 'Q'),
                  ('i', np.single),
                  ('j', np.double),
                  ('k', np.longdouble),
                  ('ix', np.csingle),
                  ('jx', np.cdouble),
                  ('kx', np.clongdouble),
                  ('l', 'S4'),
                  ('m', 'U4'),
                  ('n', 'V3'),
                  ('o', '?'),
                  ('p', np.half),
                 ]
            x = np.array(
                    [(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                        asbytes('aaaa'), 'bbbb', asbytes('   '), True, 1.0)],
                    dtype=dt)
            y = memoryview(x)
            assert_equal(y.shape, (1,))
            assert_equal(y.ndim, 1)
            assert_equal(y.suboffsets, EMPTY)

            sz = sum([dtype(b).itemsize for a, b in dt])
            if dtype('l').itemsize == 4:
                assert_equal(y.format, 'T{b:a:=h:b:i:c:l:d:^q:dx:B:e:@H:f:=I:g:L:h:^Q:hx:=f:i:d:j:^g:k:=Zf:ix:Zd:jx:^Zg:kx:4s:l:=4w:m:3x:n:?:o:@e:p:}')
            else:
                assert_equal(y.format, 'T{b:a:=h:b:i:c:q:d:^q:dx:B:e:@H:f:=I:g:Q:h:^Q:hx:=f:i:d:j:^g:k:=Zf:ix:Zd:jx:^Zg:kx:4s:l:=4w:m:3x:n:?:o:@e:p:}')
            assert_equal(y.strides, (sz,))
            assert_equal(y.itemsize, sz)

        def test_export_subarray(self):
            x = np.array(([[1,2],[3,4]],), dtype=[('a', ('i', (2,2)))])
            y = memoryview(x)
            assert_equal(y.format, 'T{(2,2)i:a:}')
            assert_equal(y.shape, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.ndim, 0)
            assert_equal(y.strides, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.suboffsets, EMPTY)
            assert_equal(y.itemsize, 16)

        def test_export_endian(self):
            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='>i')
            y = memoryview(x)
            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
                assert_equal(y.format, '>i')
            else:
                assert_equal(y.format, 'i')

            x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='<i')
            y = memoryview(x)
            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
                assert_equal(y.format, 'i')
            else:
                assert_equal(y.format, '<i')

        def test_padding(self):
            for j in xrange(8):
                x = np.array([(1,),(2,)], dtype={'f0': (int, j)})
                self._check_roundtrip(x)

        def test_reference_leak(self):
            count_1 = sys.getrefcount(np.core._internal)
            a = np.zeros(4)
            b = memoryview(a)
            c = np.asarray(b)
            count_2 = sys.getrefcount(np.core._internal)
            assert_equal(count_1, count_2)

        def test_padded_struct_array(self):
            dt1 = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i')), ('c', 'i')],
                    align=True)
            x1 = np.arange(dt1.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt1)
            self._check_roundtrip(x1)

            dt2 = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b', (3,)), ('d', 'i')],
                    align=True)
            x2 = np.arange(dt2.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt2)
            self._check_roundtrip(x2)

            dt3 = np.dtype(
                    [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b'), ('d', 'b'),
                        ('e', 'b'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i', align=True))])
            x3 = np.arange(dt3.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt3)
            self._check_roundtrip(x3)


    class TestArrayAttributeDeletion(object):

        def test_multiarray_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
            """ticket #2046, should not seqfault, raise AttributeError"""
            a = np.ones(2)
            attr =  ['shape', 'strides', 'data', 'dtype', 'real', 'imag', 'flat']
            for s in attr:
                assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)


        def test_multiarray_not_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
            a = np.ones(2)
            attr = ["ndim", "flags", "itemsize", "size", "nbytes", "base",
                    "ctypes", "T", "__array_interface__", "__array_struct__",
                    "__array_priority__", "__array_finalize__"]
            for s in attr:
                assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)


        def test_multiarray_flags_writable_attribute_deletion(self):
            a = np.ones(2).flags
            attr = ['updateifcopy', 'aligned', 'writeable']
            for s in attr:
                assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)


        def test_multiarray_flags_not_writable_attribute_deletion(self):
            a = np.ones(2).flags
            attr = ["contiguous", "c_contiguous", "f_contiguous", "fortran",
                    "owndata", "fnc", "forc", "behaved", "carray", "farray",
                    "num"]
            for s in attr:
                assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)

def test_array_interface():
    # Test scalar coercion within the array interface
    class Foo(object):
        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value
            self.iface = {'typestr' : '=f8'}
        def __float__(self):
            return float(self.value)
        @property
        def __array_interface__(self):
            return self.iface
    f = Foo(0.5)
    assert_equal(np.array(f), 0.5)
    assert_equal(np.array([f]), [0.5])
    assert_equal(np.array([f, f]), [0.5, 0.5])
    assert_equal(np.array(f).dtype, np.dtype('=f8'))
    # Test various shape definitions
    f.iface['shape'] = ()
    assert_equal(np.array(f), 0.5)
    f.iface['shape'] = None
    assert_raises(TypeError, np.array, f)
    f.iface['shape'] = (1,1)
    assert_equal(np.array(f), [[0.5]])
    f.iface['shape'] = (2,)
    assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, f)

    # test scalar with no shape
    class ArrayLike(object):
        array = np.array(1)
        __array_interface__ = array.__array_interface__
    assert_equal(np.array(ArrayLike()), 1)


def test_flat_element_deletion():
    it = np.ones(3).flat
    try:
        del it[1]
        del it[1:2]
    except TypeError:
        pass
    except:
        raise AssertionError

class TestMemEventHook(TestCase):
    def test_mem_seteventhook(self):
        # The actual tests are within the C code in
        # multiarray/multiarray_tests.c.src
        test_pydatamem_seteventhook_start()
        # force an allocation and free of a numpy array
        a = np.zeros(10)
        del a
        test_pydatamem_seteventhook_end()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    run_module_suite()
