# IP Multicasting with Socat

## Introduction

Multicasting (and broadcasting which is also discussed in this article) provides a means to direct a single packet to more than one host. Special addresses are defined for this purpose and are handled specially by network adapters, networking hardware, and IP stacks.

IPv4 specifications provide broadcasting and multicasting; IPv6 provides multicasting but replaces broadcasting by special multicast modes. UNIX domain sockets do not know broadcasting or multicasting.

The following examples use UDP/IPv4 only. However, they can easily be adapted for raw IPv4 sockets. IPv6 multicasting has not yet been successfully used with socat; please contact the author if you have positive experiences or ideas that go beyond `IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP`.

All multicast examples presented in this document use multicast address 224.1.0.1; it can be replaced by any valid IPv4 multicast address (except all-systems).

We assume a local network with address 192.168.10.0 and mask 255.255.255.0; an eventual "client" has 192.168.10.1, example "server" and example peer have 192.168.10.2 in all examples. Change these addresses and mask to your own requirements.

All the following examples work bidirectionally except when otherwise noticed. For "clients" we just use `STDIO`, and for "servers" we use `EXEC:hostname` which ingores its input but shows us which host the reply comes from. Replace these socat addresses with what is appropriate for your needs (e.g. shell script invocations). Port 6666 can be replaced with any other port (but for ports < 1024 root privilege might be required).

Different kinds of broadcast addresses exist: 255.255.255.255 is local network only; for the IPv4 network 192.168.10.0/24 the "official" broadcast address is 192.168.10.255; the network address 192.168.10.0 is also interpreted as broadcast by some hosts. The two latter forms are routed by gateways. In the following examples we only use broadcast address 192.168.10.255.

## Example 1: Multicast client and servers

This example builds something like a "supervisor" or "client" that communicates with a set of "servers". The supervisor may send packets to the multicast address, and the servers may send response packets. Note that the servers would also respond to other clients' requests.

Multicast server:

socat UDP4-RECVFROM:6666,ip-add-membership=224.1.0.1:192.168.10.2,fork EXEC:hostname

This command receives multicast packets addressed to 224.1.0.1 and forks a child process for each. The child processes may each send one or more reply packets back to the particular sender. 192.168.10.2 means the address of the interface where multicasts should be received. Run this command on a number of hosts, and they will all respond in parallel.

Multicast client:

socat STDIO UDP4-DATAGRAM:224.1.0.1:6666,range=192.168.10.0/24

This process transfers data from stdin to the multicast address, and transfers packets received from the local network to stdout. It does not matter in which direction the first data is passed. A packet from the network is accepted by the IP stack for our socket if:

- it is an incoming UDP/IPv4 packet
- its target port matches the local port assigned to the socket (random)
- its target address matches one of the hosts local addresses or the any-host multicast address

Of these packets, socat handles only those matching the following criteria:

- the source address is within the given range
- the source port is 6666

## Example 2: Broadcast client and servers

Broadcast server:

socat UDP4-RECVFROM:6666,broadcast,fork EXEC:hostname

This command receives packets addressed to a local broadcast address and forks a child process for each. The child processes may each send one or more reply packets back to the particular sender. Run this command on a number of hosts, and they will all respond in parallel.

Broadcast client:

socat STDIO UDP4-DATAGRAM:192.168.10.255:6666,broadcast,range=192.168.10.0/24

This process transfers data from stdin to the broadcast address, and transfers packets received from the local network to stdout. It does not matter in which direction the first data is passed. A packet from the network is accepted by the IP stack for our socket if:

- it is an incoming UDP/IPv4 packet
- its target port matches the local port assigned to the socket (6666)
- its target address matches one of the hosts local addresses or the any-host multicast address, or a local broadcast address

Of these packets, socat handles only those matching the following criteria:

- the source address is within the given range
- the source port is 6666

The `broadcast` option is only required for sending or receiving local broadcasts.

## Example 3: Multicast peers

It is possible to combine multicast sender and receiver in one socat address. This allows to start processes on different hosts on the local network that will communicate symmetrically, so each process can send messages that are received by all the other ones.

socat STDIO UDP4-DATAGRAM:224.1.0.1:6666,bind=:6666,range=192.168.10.0/24,ip-add-membership=224.1.0.1:192.168.10.2

This command is valid for host 192.168.10.2; adapt this address to the particular interface addresses of the hosts.

Starting this process opens a socket on port 6666 that will receive packets directed to multicast address 224.1.0.1. Only packets with matching source address and source port 6666 will be handled though. When this process sends data to the network the packets will be addressed to 224.1.0.1:6666 and have a source address of 192.168.10.2:6666, matching the accept criteria of the peers on the local network.

Note: this command receives the packets it just has sent; add option `ip-multicast-loop=0` if this in undesired.

## Example 4: Broadcast peers

Just as with multicast, it is possible to combine broadcast sender and receiver in one socat address.

socat STDIO UDP4-DATAGRAM:255.255.255.255:6666,bind=:6666,range=192.168.10.0/24,broadcast

Starting this process opens a socket on port 6666 that will receive packets directed to a local broadcast addresses. Only packets with matching source address and source port 6666 will be handled though. When this process sends data to the network the packets will be addressed to 255.255.255.255:6666 and have a source address of 192.168.10.2:6666, matching the accept criteria of the peers on the local network.

Note: this command receives the packets it just has sent; there does not seem to exist a simple way to prevent this.

## Troubleshooting

If you do not get an error message during operation, but the packets do not reach the target processes, use `tcpdump` to see if the packets have the correct source and destination addresses and ports, and if they leave and enter the hosts as expected.

The following subsections discuss some typical sources of trouble.

### IP filters

If you do not succeed in receiving multicast or broadcast packets, check if iptables are activated on the receiving or sending host. They might be configured to disallow this traffic.

### Do not bind()

When using multicast communications, you should not bind the sockets to a specific IP address. It seems that the (Linux) IP stack compares the destination address with the bind address, not taking care of the multicast property of the incoming packet.

### Routing

When you receive an error like:

`... E sendto(3, 0x80c2e44, 4, 0, AF=2 224.1.0.1:6666, 16): Network is unreachable`

you have a routing problem. The (Linux) IP stack seems to handle multicast addresses just like unicast addresses when determining their route (interface and gateway), i.e. the routing table needs an entry that somehow matches the target address.

For the same reason, multicast packets will probably leave your host on the interface with the default route if it is specified.

Set a multicast/broadcast route with the following command (Linux):

route add -net 224.0.0.0/3 gw 192.168.10.2

### ALL-SYSTEMS multicast address

`224.0.0.1` is the all-systems multicast address: all datagram sockets appear to be automatically member of this group on all interfaces. This membership cannot be dropped on Linux (you need iptables to filter packets).

## (In)Security

When you use the above examples you should understand that all datagram sockets without exception accept all packets that are directly addressed to them; the multi- and broadcast receiving features are just extensions to this functionality. socat currently has no means to handle incoming packets differently whether they are addressed to unicast, multicast, or broadcast addresses. However, for EXEC'd scripts socat can provide this info in environment variables.

Authentication or encryption are not available.

It is very easy to fake the source address of UDP (or raw IP) packets. You should understand whether your network is protected from address spoofing attacks.

Broadcast and multicast traffic can trivially be received by any host on the local network.

## History

Starting with version 1.5.0, socat provides a set of address types that allow various operations on datagram oriented sockets:

SENDTO
  send packets to a remote socket and receive packet from this remote socket only
RECV
  receive all packets that arrive on the local socket, but do not reply
RECVFROM
  receive all packets that arrive on the local socket, and reply using child processes

These modes already enable several different client/server oriented operations. Moreover, the SENDTO addresses can send to multicast and broadcast addresses (the latter requires the `broadcast` option though). RECV and RECVFROM also would accept packets addressed to a local broadcast address (with option `broadcast`) or the all-systems multicast address.

These address types had, however, two major caveats:

- Missing control of multicast group membership in the RECV and RECVFROM addresses
- The SENDTO address would never accept a reply to a broadcast or multicast addressed packet because the source address of incoming replies would not match the target address of the sent packet.

### New Features in socat 1.6.0

socat version 1.6.0 addresses these problems and provides a new more generic datagram address type (*-DATAGRAM) and the new address option IP-ADD-MEMBERSHIP.

Please note that the new features could not be successfully tested on IPv6; these sections thus apply to IPv4 only.

### New Features in socat 1.7.0

socat version 1.7.0 helps to find more information about incoming packets in environment variables that can be used in scripts or programs invoked by socat. The option `ip-pktinfo` (on non-BSD systems) or `ip-recvdstaddr` (on BSD systems) is required to get basic information about incoming packets.

Example: Start a receiver of the following form (tried on Linux):

socat -u UDP-RECVFROM:8888,reuseaddr,ip-add-membership=224.1.0.1:192.168.10.2,ip-pktinfo,fork SYSTEM:export

Then send a multicast packet from the client:

echo |socat -u STDIO UDP-DATAGRAM:224.1.0.1:8888

On the server the following text should appear (only interesting lines shown):

    export SOCAT_IP_DSTADDR="224.1.0.1"
    export SOCAT_IP_IF="eth0"
    export SOCAT_IP_LOCADDR="192.168.10.2"
    export SOCAT_PEERADDR="192.168.10.1"
    export SOCAT_PEERPORT="41159"

`SOCAT_IP_IF` shows the interface where the packet entered the server; `SOCAT_IP_LOCADDR` shows the IP address of this interface; `SOCAT_IP_DSTADDR` shows the target address of the packet; `SOCAT_PEERADDR` and `SOCAT_PEERPORT` are the client socket values.

## More info about socat datagrams

### Links regarding this tutorial

address UDP4-DATAGRAM
address UDP4-RECVFROM
option range
option broadcast
option ip-add-membership
option fork
option bind

### Other datagram addresses

address UDP4-RECV: pure datagram receiver
address UDP4-SENDTO: communicate with one peer address
address UDP4-LISTEN: pseudo stream server
address UDP4-CONNECT: pseudo stream client

### Related socat option groups

IP options
socket options
file descriptor options
range options
child process options

## References

socat home page
socat man page
multicasting on Wikipedia
broadcasting on Wikipedia

This document was last modified in May 2009.
Copyright: Gerhard Rieger 2007-2009
License: GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)